"He is the only Englishman to have 3,000 statues in the two Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh."

The article titled below is from the publication "Pallikkutam: The Education Observer," published by the Rajagiri Media Trust (RMT), which provides valuable services for the education sector in India. While the article is no longer available, I am grateful to have saved it a long time ago. It offers an in-depth appraisal of a remarkable English army officer and humanist.

Sir Arthur Thomas Cotton: The Champion of Indian Farmers

On 15th May of every year, thousands of people of Andhra Pradesh in India gather around the statues of an English man in several places in Godavari districts, especially in Rajahmundry and Eluru cities.

The crowd consists of a large number of farmers from the twin districts of Godavari besides engineers, administrators, academics, politicians and common men. They offer pooja with manthra and abhishekam with milk on the statues which they adore.

The statues referred to here are those of Sir Arthur Thomas Cotton, a British engineer who came to India in 1821 with a mission to develop irrigation systems in the country. It is estimated that more than 3000 statues of this great man exist in the East and West Godavari and Krishna districts of Andhra Pradesh. I have seen during my extensive travel in Andhra Pradesh common man speaking high of this English man. Even the illiterate man in the village who called him Dorai will say Cotton gave them food. His photographs adorn the walls of houses of common farmers in the East and West Godavari districts.

Cotton started his career in India in the Thanjavur district of erstwhile Madras Presidency as an irrigation engineer. He transformed Thanjavur district into the rice bowl of Madras by constructing dams across the Cauvery.

Sir Arthur Cotton was born on 15th of May in 1803 in England, as the tenth son of Henry Calvely Cotton. At the age of 15 in 1818 Cotton joined as a cadet in military at Addiscombe in Britain. When he was sixteen, his first assignment was survey for ordinance in Wales in England. He was later appointed at Royal Engineers without any examination as second lieutenant in the year 1819.

He moved in to Madras in India in 1821 and was attached to the office of the Chief Engineer of Madras Presidency. His talents for constructing irrigation structures were soon recognized by the British government and he was entrusted with the task of constructing a dam across Cauvery river in the then Madras Presidency. Cotton was promoted to the rank of Captain in the year 1828 and was entrusted with the work of investigation of irrigation scheme. The success of Cauvery scheme paved the way for greater projects in Krishna and Godavari to be undertaken by Cotton.

His master piece work that will be remembered by Telugu speaking people of India perhaps is the construction of Dowleshwaram barrage across the Godavari in Andhra Pradesh. In the year 1844 Cotton recommended construction of a barrage; an anicut (small dam) with a net work of canals field channels embankments and roads in the Godavari delta. Godavari is the most revered and long river after the Ganga in India.

Dowleshwaram is a village within the vicinity of Rajamundry city, where the small dam was to be constructed. Here the Godavari is around 4km wide. Before the Dowleshwaram barrage was commissioned the people of Godavari district had a different story to tell.

When the rains in the Western Ghats become heavy, the Godavari is in spate and all the nearby lands are inundated. During summer, the Godavari appears dry and nearby areas are gripped by drought. In 1800 the agricultural lands of Godavari were inundated by heavy floods. Subsequently people suffered from lack of food and drinking water due to droughts in 1833. People started moving en masse to other districts deserting their lands before the anicut was constructed. At the time of construction of Dowleshwaram barrage Godavari was a single district. In 1925 Godavari was divided into East Godavari and West Godavari districts. Thanks to the efforts of Sir Arthur Cotton, East Godavari is now the most populated and prosperous agricultural district of Andhra Pradesh. Curiously, much of the rice needed for Kerala comes from this district.

Young Cotton wanted water to reach the farm lands all over the district of the Godavari through a network of canals and channels for the farmers. He submitted a detailed proposal for constructing a barrage across the Godavari. Despite some reservations the British government granted sanction to construct the barrage in Dowleshwaram. The construction work started in 1847. In the year 1848 Cotton had to leave for Australia due to ill health. It caused him great concern about his dream project.

In 1850 he returned to India and was soon promoted as Colonel. The work started in full swing. Colonel Cotton spent hours in supervising the work and spent sleepless nights visualizing what should the project be like. A work force of 1500 people was employed for the mega project for round the clock activity. Innovative simple techniques were employed for excavation of earth and lifting of materials. Arthur Cotton was particular that only local materials should be used for the work. The work was completed in 1852. The barrage has a length of 3.5 km at a height of 4 meters. The anticipated area of irrigation was initially 80,000 acres which was raised to 16 lakh acres. The sad demise of his daughter due to snake bite while the barrage was under construction did not deter Cotton from his commitment to the farmers of Andhra. Cotton predicted a life of 100 years for the barrage; but, even after 160 years, the structure remains safe today.

During his journey on horseback he would stop to enquire about the welfare of a farmer and he often felt sorry for the pitiable condition of the farmer. Cotton had a vision to bring prosperity to the villages of Godavari by providing water. His mission was to make farmers happy and ensure they will not desert their lands.

After the completion of Dowleshwaram barrage, Cotton shifted his attention to Aqua duct in the Krishna River. He later envisaged storage of Krishna and Godavari water. He also had a vision to connect the major rivers of India. His contributions to developing irrigation system have no parallel in India and he is still remembered by the common man. It is the most significant award a country can give to a foreigner who worked with devotion, humility and commitment.

Sir Arthur Cotton retired from service in 1860 and was knighted in 1861. He was honoured with KCSI (Knight Commander of Supreme India) in 1877. Independent India remembers Sir Arthur Cotton for the outstanding contributions he made to the uplift of ordinary farmers of India. Sir Arthur Cotton passed away on 24th July, 1899, aged 96.

A museum and an institute established in 1899 in his honour in Rajahmundry are a befitting monument which deserves to be further uplifted as a Centre for Irrigation development and Research in India. In Hyderabad city the only statue of a foreigner seen along the tank bund is that of Arthur Cotton.

After hectic efforts, the Andhra Pradesh Hindi Academy and the Telugu Association could locate his tomb in Dorking 50 km from London. The inscription on the tomb reads, “Irrigation Cotton”.

You can also find him here: "He is the only Englishman to have 3,000 statues in the two Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh." This highlights the appreciation for his devoted and tireless work, as noted on the website TheHansIndia.com." Statue in Chinaramachandrapuram, West Godavari.

The First King of England

By AD 410, the Romans had left Britain. Around AD 430, a host of Germanic migrants arrived in east and southeast England. The settlers were North Germanic peoples such as the Saxons, Angles, Frisians, and Jutes, who had migrated from what are now present-day Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands.

To the west and north, various Brythonic kingdoms existed, consisting of Cornishmen, Welshmen, Picts, and Scots. The native Celtic Britons originally hired the Anglo-Saxons as mercenaries to defend their lands against invasions from the Picts and Scots of modern-day Scotland and Ireland, but eventually, the Anglo-Saxons turned against the Britons.

Numerous wars followed, and the lands of the Celtic Britons were divided into Saxon kingdoms. Most of these kingdoms survive to this day as English counties: Kent (Jutes), Sussex (South Saxons), *Wessex (West Saxons), Middlesex (Middle Saxons), East Anglia (Angles), and so on.

*The reference to "most" is in contrast to "all." Today, the territory that was once Wessex is part of several modern counties, including Hampshire, Dorset, Berkshire, and parts of Wiltshire and Somerset. The name "Wessex" is still used informally, often in cultural or historical contexts. It is also the title of a regional tourism brand that promotes the historical and scenic attractions in the area that was once Wessex. However, it is not an official administrative county in contemporary England.

The inhabitants mostly lived in relative harmony—converting to Christianity during this time—until the first Viking raids began with the attack on Lindisfarne in 793. By AD 793, a new prayer echoed across England: "Save us, Lord, from the fury of the Northmen!" The Northmen, or Vikings, came from Scandinavia, just as the Saxons had done hundreds of years before them.

The first Viking raids targeted unarmed monasteries, shocking the English with their viciousness. The knee-jerk reaction was to pay the Vikings to go away. Of course, that wasn’t very sustainable, as the Vikings continued to come in greater numbers, lured by the promise of silver.

It was only during the reign of Alfred the Great, the Saxon King of Wessex at the end of the 9th century, that the English began changing their tactics. Alfred implemented fortified burhs and local mercenary armies known as fyrds to meet the Viking threat. He established himself as King Overlord, adding southeast Mercia, London, and the Thames Valley to his territories while organizing Anglo-Saxon resistance against the Vikings.

King Athelstan, the grandson of Alfred the Great, is often credited with unifying England. He conquered the Viking kingdom of Northumbria, including York, in 927. Athelstan's victory at the Battle of Eamont Bridge in 937, against an alliance of Picts, Scots, and Vikings led by the Norse King Olaf Guthfrithson, marked a significant turning point in his campaign against the Vikings.

This victory led to the great Battle of Brunanburh in 937, which decisively defeated Olaf and his allies, including King Constantine II of Scotland. The Battle of Brunanburh defined the territories we now recognize as England, Scotland, and Wales—hence its title, "The battle that defined Britain."

Athelstan was King of the Anglo-Saxons from 924 to 927 and King of the English from 927 until his death in 939. Modern historians regard him as the first King of England and one of the "greatest Anglo-Saxon kings."

My fun pictorial of the millenniums of England's rich history We have a Roman, Ancient Briton, a Saxon, and, far left...a.Spartan ) Or we could try and qualify her as a Viking or Norman...you never know ;) - Click to make bigger.

Stand and Deliver! - Your Sexuality...Male Sexuality!

"Anyone over 30 belongs to me - bisexual, male, female, gay, whatever."

A quote from the 80s pop music icon Adam Ant from his interview with the Guardian tabloid in 2002.

The topic in this section is about male bisexuality, or the preference not to even have to claim it, but just accept it for yourself only. No labels are necessary! 

It covers quotes from celebrities, and even from a forum I was a member of years ago, from regulars, when male sexual experiences with males wasn't something you'd admit back then.

👍American writer Gore Vidal stated:

"Actually, there is no such thing as a homosexual person, any more than there is such a thing as a heterosexual person. The words are adjectives describing sexual acts, not people. The sexual acts are entirely normal; if they were not, no one would perform them."

👍Here's a fun quote from the war time-modern day comedy Goodnight Sweetheart when Yvonne, the wife of the main character Gary, suspected her husband of Infidelity with another man, said:

"It is a well known fact 20% of married men are bisexual." (Episode 2, Season 2, 1995).

👍Even in the animal world there is plenty of it going on.

Giraffes:

Gay sex accounts for 94% of all observed sexual activity in giraffes. Male giraffes have a unique way of flirting (and to occasionally show dominance) that is seen nowhere else on Earth. It is ‘necking’. Two males stand side by side, and gently rub their necks on each other’s body, head, neck, loins and thighs. In some sessions this goes on for as long as hour. This leads to arousal. Sometimes they mount each other to finish each other off. But this isn’t what a couple of guy giraffes do when the girls aren’t around. With both male and female giraffes present, males like to start necking with other males and often disregard any females present.

Sea Lions:

More than 80% of New Zealand Sea Lion males exclusively mate with other males. This normally results as a component of play-fighting, in which two males stand chest to chest and push against each other. Once one has achieved ‘superiority’, they will mount the weaker one. This is often why younger sea lions are more likely to mount the older males.

Killer Whales:

While it seems like most animal mating seems to be as a result of some mounting, almost 90% of gay behaviour in killer whiles is reciprocated. One third to more than one half of all male killer whales engage in gay sex, especially prevalent among the adolescents. Some male partners have a favorite with whom they interact with year after year.

👍Here are some other male celebrities open to their sexuality:

Jason Mraz

The world knows Mraz for his love songs, but he wants the world to know his love is bisexual.

"I’ve had experiences with men, even while I was dating the woman who became my wife. It was like, ‘Wow, does that mean I am gay?’” the singer-songwriter told Billboard this year, at age 41. "And my wife laid it out for me. She calls it ‘two spirit,’ which is what the Native Americans call someone who can love both man and woman. I really like that.”

Two spirit is a term that Native Americans consider their own, meaning one who embodies both masculine and feminine identities, and some objected to Mraz using it. He later apologized for doing so and thanked commenters for the clarification. But Mraz continues to identify as bi and penned an open letter to the LGBTQ community that read:

We still have a long way to go

But know

I am bi your side.

All ways.

Billie Joe Armstrong

The rocker is known best for being the front man of Green Day, but he's also been outspoken about his bisexuality.

In 1995, he told The Advocate, "I think I've always been bisexual. I mean, it's something that I've always been interested in. I think people are born bisexual, and it's just that our parents and society kind of veer us off into this feeling of 'Oh, I can't.' They say it's taboo. It's ingrained in our heads that it's bad, when it's not bad at all. It's a very beautiful thing."

Ezra Miller

The 25-year-old actor is one of the most prominent bisexual faces in young Hollywood. 

"The way I would choose to identify myself wouldn't be gay. I've been attracted mostly to 'shes' but I've been with many people and I'm open to love wherever it can be," Miller told The Daily Beast in 2012 when promoting The Perks of Being a Wallflower, in which he played a teen bullied for being gay. "I think a lot of people are projecting their own troubles and fears concerning sexuality onto those around them, and it does result in the perpetuation of a lot of hateful notions."

Shane Dawson

In 2015, YouTuber Shane Dawson announced his bisexuality to his 6.7 million subscribers. Now he has nearly 17 million. Dawson has been open about how difficult it is to be in the bi community. “This last year is when it really hit me,” he said in his coming-out video. “I always wished that I was gay, that I was 100 percent gay.”

A quote from his twitter account: thank u guys for the support. i know "bisexual" is something that gets made fun of & its scary to talk about it but just know u arent alone.

Alan Cumming

You may know Cumming as Eli Gold on The Good Wife or the actor playing TV's first gay leading character on Instinct, but he's also one of bisexuality's biggest advocates. Romantically, he had an eight-year marriage to actress Hilary Lyon and a two-year relationship with actress Saffron Burrows. Now he's married to graphic artist Grant Shaffer.

"I see a worrying trend among LGBT people, that if you identify yourself in just one way, you close yourself off to other experiences. My sexuality has never been black and white; it’s always been gray. I’m with a man, but I haven’t closed myself off to the fact that I’m still sexually attracted to women," he told The Advocate in 2015.

Harry Styles

Harry Styles has been with both men and women, at least if every lyric in his songs is to be believed. In a new tune he debuted at his AccorHotels Arena Paris show Tuesday, the former One Directioner broached the idea of a duality in his love life. The singer performed a new track, "Medicine," which has a line that says, “The boys and the girls are in, I’ll mess around with them, and I’m okay with it.”

The Sun points out the lyric comes less than one year after Styles told the outlet he wouldn’t label his sexuality. “No, I’ve never felt the need to really," he said. "No, I don’t feel like it’s something I’ve ever felt like I have to explain about myself. It’s weird for me—everyone should just be who they want to be. It’s tough to justify somebody having to answer to someone else about stuff like that.”

Styles has been quietly dating model Camille Rowe at the time.

Morrisey (The Smiths)

Repeatedly, interviewers asked Morrissey if he was gay, which he denied. In response to one such inquiry in 1985, he stated that:

"I don't recognise such terms as heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality, and I think it's important that there's someone in pop music who's like that. These words do great damage, they confuse people and they make people feel unhappy so I want to do away with them."

As his career developed, there was increased pressure placed on him to come out of the closet, although he presented himself as a non-practicing bisexual In a 1989 interview, he revealed that he was "always attracted to men and women who were never attracted to me" and thus he did not have "relationships at all".

In 2013, he released a statement which said, "Unfortunately, I am not homosexual. In technical fact, I am humasexual. I am attracted to humans. But, of course ... not many."

Terry Hall, (The Specials and Fun Boy Three) who recently passed away, related his own experiences, albeit in a traumatic way:

"At 12 I got abducted by a paedophile ring in France and that was a real eye-opener," he said.

Herring asked: "But how do you even begin to overcome something like that?"

Hall replied: "Valium. And then I fancied David Essex which was a bit wonky, but it was like, so I kind of connected the two.

"But then I've started discovering girls and you just forget about it, it's too short."

Radio and tv Broadcaster Zoe Ball's son Woody and ex England football icon Paul Gascoigne's son Regan are also bi. They came out this year.

Then there's the interview with Harry Needs.

The former swimmer Harry Needs wants people to know that being bisexual isn't "a gateway to becoming gay" or about "being greedy".

The 28-year-old was married to two-time Olympic champion Rebecca Adlington. They split in 2016, but remain friends and continue to co-parent their five-year-old daughter, Summer.

Harry speaks about growing up knowing he was attracted to both sexes, his marriage to Becky, and having his first same-sex relationship.

👍Below is the groundbreaking Albert Kinsey Scale that he devised about peoples sexuality.

0 Exclusively heterosexual

1 Predominantly heterosexual

2 Mainly heterosexual but sometimes homosexual 

3 Bisexual

4 Mainly homosexual but sometimes heterosexual

5 Predominantly homosexual

6 Exclusively homosexual

For me personally I would say most men are 1 or 2. And even then at any time a person can go up the scale to 6 and even OFF the scale because of passion of the moment, and then back down again to your default number. This feeling of sexual fluidity is unchangeable, even like the animal world where it is perfectly normal. 

👍People are more accepting of the fluidness of their sexuality today, especially female celebrities who seem to use it as a social statement, a kind of womens liberation from the male controlled world in which we live. Although if they think they can also titillate men in music videos and lyrics with scenes of bi-flirtation just because the so called male "heterosexual" Industry encourages it, then they are not freeing themselves from men at all. They are pandering to them. And in fact, it's also one reason for straight males behaviour, because they are not as emotionally as mature as women because of societies emotional constraints their culture has placed on them. So they use women to fill that vaccum. But these men do not care about women anyway. Women are there as a money making product. 

The other side of it, is why a "straight" man needs to encourage it in females when he himself claims to be heterosexual? It's laughable. These men, and women, in positions of influence should be more responsible. The women also lose self respect from the majority of the decent men who don't live in their world. But bi leaning men do not need to make statements about their sexuality, although it is because we live in a straight male dominated world that doesn't reward bisexuality in males as it does in females. And one thing I've felt with my own sexuality is I do not need the false bravado over women because I am comfortable in my own skin. Which again makes so called "straight" men even more laughable and suspicious to me.

👍The Kinsey Studies gave some very revealing facts about male sexuality in this link. Also other surveys on the genders sexuality are listed up to 2011:

👍Some comments I have found on websites of men's own experiences of bisexuality, including one female observation:

👉Sansacro

In my experience, for what it’s worth, most men who are actually bisexual publicly identify as straight, because they can and there’s more cultural power as a self-identified straight man. But it seems younger, socially privileged guys are more comfortable exploring their sexual fluidity. Although there remains power in being a straight man in this world.

👉James

I like sex with women and men but I don’t find it helpful to think of myself as fitting into any of the existing labels or categories because they all feel constrictive. I might feel more ‘gay’ one day but more ‘straight’ on another. I think without labels people might just be attracted to other people and sex could just be sex. Bisexualit­y is far more common that people would realize. Most bisexuals rarely fully understand their own sexuality and usually dismiss feelings they don't recognize. 

👉Ian Faus

I find it odd how female bisexualit­y is taken as "natural" but male bisexualit­y is taken with such skepticism ? Females are less prone to sexual stereotypi­ng and social sexual programing about sex. For this they are fortunate. Modern culture dumps hetrosexua­lity like a flood on society, thus male bisexualit­y will always be something "fringe" because of this. Perhaps in a few more decades, when people move past sexuality to define each other, more bisexuals will understand themselves better. 

👉AndyPhx

Humans are sexual beings. No one can argue with that. I know from personal experience that many straight men will have an attraction to a few men in their lifetime. Doesn't make them gay. It's just human nature. Someone made the comment that a little or a lot a beer uncomplica­tes this for many men which is also true. Very true. The men who protest the most are the one's who know this is absolutely true.

👉Bejayech

I would agree that all have some degree of attraction­. The difference between a heterosexu­al man and a homosexual man isn't purely attraction­, rather its which gender he chooses to pursue. 

👉grant06

I am always amused when I read about people being lumped into catagories­. When it comes to humans. there are no absolutes. The whole species is a behavioral bell curve that varies over time and individual experience­. Some folks are born very gay, some very hetero, and a whole bunch are in-between­. To make it more fun, for any specific individual their attraction­s may change dramatical­ly as they age. Where as a fifteen year old male may be attracted to a thirteen year old female, that same male when sixty, may be more attracted to women much closer to his age group or even another of the same sex.

👉Ceasar Ol

Please, they were just being sensitive to the church and religious freaks...b­aby steps, they have to slowly introduce to them new concepts..­.they are having a hard time swallowing the gay concept, imagine when they find out there are a lot more bisexual men than gay men. Let alone that they have been around from day one and that about 25% of men claim to have bisexual tendencies but many are too afraid to act on it. Or maybe the church is just in denial because if anyone has seen porn they have seen girls getting it on. But that is of course not "gay", it's the good gay. Or like Tedd Haggard said..."no no I'm not gay...I just have homosexual attachment­s". One fact for sure, all bisexual men live heterosexu­al lives and the bisexual side is very in the closet as they are afraid to be categorize­d as gay, which is the reason why most bi men don't talk about it to avoid the stigma.

👉Raymond McCue

Bisexual guy here living a "bisexual" life, here. There are definitely a lot of queer men on the down low. Also, it's been my experience that gay men have a very hard time accepting bisexualit­y. To my estimation­, bisexualit­y undermines the "it's not a choice argument" and my own personal experience undermines the "there's no way back, once you're gay, you're gay" idea. These tenants are important to the gay community, so I believe they try to force bisexual men into the fold because the alternativ­e, acceptance­, is uncomforta­ble. 

👉Charlotte Bonnie

Well, for me the definition of a bisexual is someone who is capable of being attracted to both sexes and have relations with both sexes. If a gay guy fell in love with a woman later in life then he was bisexual to begin with, not gay. I know many bisexuals don't admit they are bisexuals because in the lesbian & gay community they are looked with suspicion so they hide their true sexuality in their their gay and lesbian social circle. 

👉WoodyCPM

What has confused the issue of genuine bisexualit­y is the personal and societal effects of homophobia­. People are raised to be straight because that is the cultural norm and the cultural expectatio­n. Out gay men are particular­ly suspicious of claims to "I'm straight" or "I'm bisexual" for this reason, because they themselves have believed and said the same thing. The closet confuses and complicate­s so many issues of sexuality. 

There is also the quite justifiabl­e resentment that gay men feel toward bisexual men because they have tended in the long hard struggle for equal sexual rights to not put their mojo on the line like gay men have. It's easier for them to disappear into the world of heterosexu­ality and pretend that they don't have a dog in that fight. IN THE PAST, they have tended to not show up for the work of winning freedoms and rights for homosexual­s.

👉NoSillyNamae

Same with bi women. I've known lesbians who say they "hate" bi women. They don't trust them and feel that they, too, like to "pass", as bi men can.

👉Matthew Robertson

Actually Bonobo monkeys are highly bisexual. Almost the entire species is. The females rub their clitorises together and the males rub the penises together. 

👉Itsasmallworld

I have always believed that if society was as accepting of men being bisexual as they are of women a lot more guys out there would admit to it. I see things changing..­.I have a feeling that in the next 5-10 years male bisexualit­y will be just as mainstream as female bisexualit­y. I have to say myself and many female friends of mine find men to be very sexy and imagining them together such as many men fantasize about women ...hot.

👉An anonymous person wrote: 

We share over 90% of DNA with some primates none of which are monogamous and all have polyamerous relationships. Why is it a surprise that some humans do not have the same instincts? other mans reply: not instincts but weaknesses.

👍Straight men who have sex with other men (SMSM) 

A population of males who avoid involvement with the LGBT community, who are often married or romantically involved with an opposite-sex partner, who engage in sex with males or express the desire to do so, and, most relevant to this posting, do not identify as gay or bisexual. Other men, in contrast, identify as bisexual even if they do not engage in same-sex sexual activity. Until recently studies typically included just one dimension of sexual orientation - attraction, behavior, and self-identification - but it is increasingly clear that sexual behavior does not necessarily correlate with sexual identity and attraction. McCabe and colleagues have repeatedly called for studies to include all dimensions of sexuality.

👍Bisexuality is defined as “the capacity for emotional, romantic, and/or physical attraction to more than one sex or gender. That capacity for attraction may or may not manifest itself in terms of sexual interaction.” The National Gay and Lesbian Task Force reminds health-care providers that “A bisexual orientation speaks to the potential, but not the requirement, for involvement with more than one gender. This involvement may be sexual, emotional, in reality and/or in fantasy. Some bisexuals may be monogamous, some may have concurrent partners, others may relate to different sexes/genders at various periods of time and others still maybe celibate.” In the word of Robyn Ochs, a candid bi-activist, “I have the potential to be attracted – romantically and/or sexually – to people of more than one sex and/or gender, not necessarily at the same time, not necessarily in the same way, and not necessarily to the same degree”.

👍Traditionally, sexual orientation has been viewed as a dichotomy, with the options being either heterosexuality or homosexuality. Those who did not fit into these two groups were ignored, elided, and rarely taken into consideration. During the middle of the 20th century Alfred Kinsey and his colleagues enlightened the fields of psychology and sexology when they proposed that sexuality occurs along a continuum and that the orientation of an inestimable number of people sits somewhere between the two poles. During the 1970s, Fritz Klein elaborated on Kinsey’s work and developed his eponymous Klein Grid, a method for describing a person’s sexual orientation in a much more detailed and nuanced manner. The Klein Grid investigates sexual orientation in the past, the present, and in the idealized future (i.e., a prediction as to what one thinks he or she will like in the future) with respect to each of seven factors consisting of sexual attraction, sexual behavior, sexual fantasies, emotional preference, social preference, heterosexual/homosexual lifestyle, and self-identification.

The 45

45 English Football Managers who have won European silverware whilst managing in England or managing aboard at club level or internationally.

Herbert Kilpin

Founder of Italian club AC Milan and winner as coach 1901 & 1906

Jack Reynolds

Dutch League [Eredivisie] eight times with Ajax; 1918, 19, 31, 32, 34, 37, 39, & 1947 and the KNVB Cup [Dutch Cup] in 1917. And Football pioneer.

Vic Buckingham

Dutch League in 1960 with Ajax, and Copa del Generalísimo with Barcelona in 1971 [commonly known today as Copa Del Rey]. Another Football pioneer.

James Richardson Spensley

Initiator of the Italian Football Championship that began in 1898. The Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio (FIGC) endorsed it as the first Italian championship, although a regional-style cup event. He was player-manager of Genoa where he won the event six times: 1898, 99, 1900, 02, 03 ,04. His contributions to the game in Italy has recognized him as one of the founders of Italian football.

Jack Greenwell

As Barcelona manager he won the Copa Del Rey in 1920 and 22, and the Campionat de Catalunya [Catalan championship] five times: 1918–19, 1919–20, 1920–21, 1921–22, 1931–32. With Espanol he won the Copa del Rey in 1929 and the Campionat de Catalunya 1928–29. He spent one season coaching Real Sociedad Alfonso XIII (named after the Spanish king and who are now known as RCD Mallorca) in the Balearic Championship [Baleares Championship] in 1931, helping them to retain their title. He went to Peru and took charge of the national team for the Olympic football tournament winning Gold in the Bolivarian Games in 1938. He coached Universitario de Deportes to the Peruvian Primera Division in 1939 and won the Copa América [South America Championship] with the national team in the same year.

Robert Firth

Won La Liga with Real Madrid in 1933 and the Campeopnato Regional Centro championship (for clubs based primarily in the Castile region of Spain], in both 1933 & 1934.

William Garbutt

Football Pioneer. Won the Italian Championship [Serie A] with Genoa, 1915, 23, 24. The Copa Coni in 1928 with Roma, and Spanish La Liga with Athletic Bilbao in the 1935-36 season.

[The Copa Coni was a tournament that took place in 1926-27 and 1927-28 between the 14 teams that did not make it to the final round of Serie A).

Fred Pentland

Football pioneer. Won the Copa Del Rey with Athletic Bilbao in 1923, and Campeonato del Centro with Athletic Madrid in 27. In 1929 he rejoined Athletic Bilbao and won the double of La Liga and Copa del Rey in 1930 & 31. In fact they he won a total of four Copa del Rey's in a row between from the 1929-1930 season to the 1932-1933 season. In 1931 his team made a 12–1 victory over Barcelona (he latter's worst ever defeat).

The English and Athletic Bilbao and the Basque region have past Industrial and football links. Even the ikurrina, the red, green and white Basque flag, designed by the father of the region’s nationalism, Sabino Arana, was based on the Union Jack flag. See the link: Welcome to Spain's old English Outpost. It covers Fred Pentland and other managers, even Howard Kendall, who in two years in charge saved them from relegation before taking them to fourth and seventh in his two campaigns as manager, stated: "Athletic is an English club."

Keith Spurgeon

KNVB Cup [Dutch Cup] with Ajax 1961, and Intertoto Cup 1962.

Steve Bloomer

Copa Del Rey 1924 with Real Union.

Jesse Carver

Football pioneer. Won Serie A with Juventus in 1950.

Billy Burnikell

Chilean Primera División in 1954 with Universidad Catolica.

Joe Mercer

European Cup Winners Cup in 1970 with Manchester City.

Malcolm Allison

European Cup-Winners Cup 1970 with Manchester City, and the Portuguese Primeira League and Portuguese Cup with Sporting CP in 1982.

Don Revie

Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 1968 and 71.

[Fairs Cup was replaced with the new UEFA Cup for the 1971-72 season].

Howard Kendall

As the Everton coach he won the Cup Winners Cup in 1985 [beat Bayern Munich in semi], and an Anglo-Italian Cup 1995.

Roy Hodgson

Ten Swedish divisional titles with 3 different clubs; Halmstads, Orebro, and Malmo. Two Swedish cups. a Swiss super cup, and a Danish super cup and Danish league title.

Bob Paisley

He did what no other English or British coach has ever done in just 9 years of his tenure. The Geordie won 6 Premier League's [called First Division at the time]; 3 European cups [now called Champions League with a different format], 1 UEFA Cup & 1 Super Cup. Then decided to quit!  He is perhaps the fastest combined multiple Division & European trophy winner in history.

Colin Addison

Took Al-Ahli to 2nd place in the Qatari league. Achieved promotion with Celta Vigo from the Spanish Segunda División to La Liga in his first season in charge (1986–87), winning the play-offs. [Incidentally, their kit supplier was the English brand Umbro from 1986 to 2010.] He kept Cádiz in La Liga and won the Kuwait Premier League with Al-Arabi in the 1992–93 season, finishing ahead of Brazilian legend Felipe Scolari’s team, which placed second.

Addison's résumé can be found under "Management on the Touchline" on Wikipedia, rather than in the Honours section.

An alternative biography appears in On the Spot: Colin Addison from The Telegraph: "...his managerial adventures in places as far afield as South Africa, Qatar, Spain and Kuwait"

Dave Sexton

Cup Winners Cup in 1971 [beat Real Madrid], and UEFA U21 winners 1982 and 84 managing England.

Graham Potter

With IFK Ostersund he won 3 divisional promotions [of which 2 outright were league winners] in Sweden, a Swedish cup, and got them to the last 32 of Europa League beating Arsenal 2-1 eventually losing 4-2 on aggregate in 2018. En route they had to get past 3 qualifying stages [beat Galatasaray on way], just to make group stage before meeting Arsenal in last 32.

Bob Houghton

Swedish league winner with Malmo: 1974,75 & 77. The Swedish Cup: 1974, 75, 78, 80. [Incidentally were runners-up to Nottingham Forest in the European Cup 1979]. Also won the Asian Football Confederation Cup [AFC] with India in 2008. The Nehru Cup [An International tournament organized by India and named after the first Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru], in 2007 and 2009.

Colin Bell

[Not the famous Colin Bell of the Man City playing era]. Won the women's UEFA Champions League in 2014-2015, and the DFB cup in 2013-14 with Frankfurt in Germany.. As South Korea's national coach they came runners-up to China in the 2022 Women's Asian Cup.

Ron Greenwood

European Cup Winners Cup 1965 with West Ham.

Tony Barton

European Cup & European Super Cup in 1982 with Aston Villa.

Bobby Robson

UEFA Cup in 1981 with Ipswich Town. Dutch Division [Eredivisie] with PSV Eindhoven in 91 & 92, Johan Cruyff Shield [Dutch Super Cup] in 98. With Porto won the Primeira Division in 95 & 96. The Taca de Portugal Cup in 94, and Portuguese Super Cup in 94. With Barcelona he won the Copa Del Rey in 97, Super Cup 96, European Cup Winners Cup in 97.

Tony Knapp

Norwegian League and Norwegian Cup in 1979 with Viking FK [known internationally as Viking Stavanger] with another League title in 81.

Bertie Mee

Inter-Cities Fairs Cup with Arsenal 1970.

Joe Harvey

Both Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 1969 & Anglo-Italian Cup 1973 with Newcastle.

Terry Venables

La Liga with Barcelona 1985, and Copa de la Liga 86 [equivalent to the English League Cup].

Alan Ashman

Greater Greece Cup 1972 with Olympiacos [runners-up in the Greek league the same year].

Billy Barnes [William Barnes]

Three Copa del Rey titles with Athletic Bilbao in 1915, 1916 & 21.

Jim Bellamy

Spanish La Liga 1929 [Barcelona's first ever La Liga], and Campionat de Catalunya [Championship of Catalonia] in 1930 and 31 with Barcelona.

Ralph Kirby [Conyers Kirby]

Campionat de Catalunya 1923 with CE Europa [Catalonian team]. He won the the Copa Del Rey and Campionat de Catalunya in 1925 with Barcelona, and Basque football championship in 26 with Athletic Bilbao.

Mike Smith

African Cup of Nations with Egypt 1986.

Ian Foster

Managed England and won the UEFA U19 European Championship 2022  [Ian does not take into account all other winning U19 managers we have had in history but I have made him representative of all of them as the most recent one].

Alf Ramsey

World Cup with England in 1966.

George Raynor

Swedish Cup with AIK 1949 & 50.. As Swedish Olympic National team manager he won Gold in 1948 and Bronze in 1952. As Swedish National coach finished 3rd in the FIFA World Cup in 1950 and Runners-up in 1958.

"They want me in Ghana, in Israel, in Mexico and in Sweden. I am a knight in Sweden and have a huge gold medal of thanks from King Gustaf. I have a letter of thanks and commendation from the Prime Minister of Iraq."

Bill Nicholson

Cup Winners Cup with Tottenham Hotspur 1963 [defeated holders Atletico Madrid in final]. An Anglo-Italian League Cup 1971, and the UEFA Cup in 1972 [defeating fellow English team Wolverhampton Wanderers]. His teams were the first English and British club to win a European trophy with the Winners Cup, and first English, British team and European team to win the new UEFA Cup.

Brian Clough

A Yorkshireman [Yes, his birth place of Middlesbrough is the northern tip of North Yorkshire]. He won both the European Cup and European Super Cup in 1979 with Nottingham Forest, and European Cup again in 1980.

Keith Burkinshaw

With Tottenham Hotspur he won the 1984 UEFA cup [defeating Bayern Munich along the way, and holders Anderlecht in the final]. And in 1987 the Portuguese Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira [Portuguese Super Cup] with Sporting Lisbon, defeating Benfica 4-0 on aggregate.

Oscar Hold

Managed Turkish champions Fenerbahce SK and won the Turkish League and Atatürk Cup in 1964–65. Then with Al-Ahli Saudi Football Club in Saudi Arabia and won four titles, including the league title three times [two of those under different named leagues; General League Shield, and King's Cup League] in 1968, 1970 and 1971. And the Saudi Crown Prince Cup in 1970.

Fred Spiksley

Won league titles with AIK Stockholm of Sweden and Nuremburg in Germany. A BBC article said: 'his coaching of AIK Stockholm's players brought them a title in 1911 - an achievement he would repeat in Germany 17 years later with Nuremberg.' A commenter replied on the article that: "he had  won 4 national titles as coach, first man to coach across 3 continents and toured with Charlie Chaplin." [This commenter got 10 upvotes to 0 whilst the article was active].

"...a coaching career that took him to the United States, Peru, Mexico, Spain, France, Switzerland, Germany and Sweden. He won league titles in the last two countries, with Nürnberg and AIK Stockholm respectively" - The Guardian

Alf Spouncer

Campionat de Catalunya [Catalan football championship] in 1924 with Barcelona.

John Peacock

In 2010 won the UEFA European Under-17 Championship as manager of the English under-17 national team. He won the competition again in 2014.