Things Lincolnshire Gave the World

This official flag of Lincolnshire was unveiled on 24 October 2005. It was chosen in a popular vote organized by BBC Radio Lincolnshire along with Lincolnshire Life magazine. The winning design was created by Michelle Andrews, a Lincolnshire-born web producer at BBC Lincolnshire. 

The flag features a red cross edged in yellow and bearing a yellow fleur-de-lys, on a background of green and blue quarters. The green represents the rolling hills and vast fields of the Lincolnshire Wolds and the Fens, while the blue symbolizes the East Coast and its stunning skies. The red cross in the center represents England, taken from the St. George’s Cross. Yellow on the flag represents the variety of crops grown across Lincolnshire and is also a nod to the famous local term “Yellowbelly."

Some of the content below is taken from "LincolnshireLive" website and are taken directly as they are to save time. This topic is a bonus for my blog.

👉George Boole - the founding father of computing

Every time you look something up on Google or your smart phone you have Lincoln-born mathematician George Boole (1815-1864) to thank for making it all possible.

He was the son of a shoemaker who lived in Silver Street. Boole was a child maths prodigy who went on to become professor of mathematics and Dean of Science at Queen's College, Cork, Ireland.

He devised Boolean logic on which modern computer code is based, in 1854. And his code is used to give you the best search results on Google.

A statue of George Boole is proposed to be erected outside Lincoln train station.

Applicants the Heslam Trust said: “The contribution George Boole made to computer science has been recognised globally by naming a crater on the moon after him.

“It was acknowledged by Alan Turing at Bletchley Park during World War Two that Boolean logic led them to the design of the computer which eventually broke the Enigma Code and is estimated to have shortened the war by two years.

“We feel the city of Lincoln should acknowledge that this important man was born here in Lincoln and remembered with pride.”

Kate Ellis, major developments director at the City of Lincoln Council, said: “George Boole has played a vital role in the advancement of computer science.

"It’s incredible to think every time we use a smart phone or a computer, it is the work of a Lincoln man nearly two centuries ago that made it possible.”

👉Stephen Langton - the man who dreamed Magna Carta

Stephen Langton, a young county cleric from Langton by Wragby, who later became the Archbishop of Canterbury, instilled in Magna Carta his ideas on enshrining the rights, privileges and liberties of the clergy and nobles and placing limits on the power of the crown.

Within weeks of agreeing to it, King John renounced the document and cut a swathe through Lincolnshire in civil war to save his throne.

Illness ended his life in Newark Castle, but fighting continued until the climax was reached in a battle in Lincoln, which defeated the French prince and rebel barons, asserting the succession of John's son Henry III to the English throne.

Lincoln Castle is home to one of only four surviving copies of the document dating back to the 13th century.

👉The barcode

Pinchbeck's Key Market store was chosen to host the historic moment when the country's first barcode - on a packet of Melrose teabags - was scanned back in October 1979.

The technological advance featured on an episode of science programme Tomorrow's World.

👉Jet travel - thanks to the man who shrunk the world

RAF officer and engineer Frank Whittle invented jet travel in the heavily-guarded secrecy of RAF Cranwell, near Sleaford.

On May 15, 1941 the first British jet-powered plane took off from the base on a historic 17-minute flight - a moment which would change the way future generations would travel forever.

👉The first policewoman

The first policewoman to be granted full powers of arrest in Great Britain more than 100 years ago was Lincolnshire woman Edith Smith who patrolled the streets of Grantham.

The former midwife worked seven days a week for two years from 1915-17, when her main duties were to deal with the frivolous girls who sold their bodies on the streets in a town were thousands of soldiers trained on their way to the front.

👉And how about another formidable Grantham woman?

Grantham-born Margaret Thatcher (October 13, 1925 – April 8, 2013) led the Conservatives to victory in the 1979 General Election 1979 when she became Britain's first female Prime Minister and served until November 28, 1990.

There have also been claims that the Iron Lady as she became known had invented Mr Whippy Ice Cream.

Well, here's what the company's website says about the story:  "Margaret Thatcher in the 1940s before she became Prime Minister did work as a food chemist for J. Lyons and Co.

"At this particular time, they had partnered with a company in the US, Mister Softee, to produce an ice cream mix that works for them in the machines.

"Her role was unclear but the time frame she was at the company producing soft serve for Mister Softee quite possibly means she had some part in inventing Mr Whippy Ice Cream."

👉Lincolnshire sailor gave Australia its name

Captain Matthew Flinders, who was born in Donington, near Spalding, was the first person to circumnavigate what is now Australia in 1803 and used that name to describe the land mass on a map in 1804.

He is a national hero in Australia and more than 100 geographical features are named after him Down Under including Flinders Station in Melbourne, and the town of Flinders in Victoria, and the largest island in the Bass Strait.

He died in 1814 and was buried in the churchyard of St James Piccadilly, Euston, on July 23, 1814.

But his headstone was removed after Euston Station expanded into the burial ground in the 1840s and it was believed his remains were lost.

There was a long-standing myth that he was buried under platform 15

But his remains were discovered during work to build HS2 in Euston and archaeologists were able to identify him from about 40,000 burials by a lead plaque on top of his coffin.

His final resting place will be in at the Church of St Mary and the Holy Rood in Donington, where he was baptised, and where many members of his family are buried.

👉A first for Stamford

Stamford was the first conservation area to be designated in England and Wales in 1967 – since then the whole of the old town and St Martin's has been made an outstanding area of architectural or historic interest that is of national importance.

The town has more than 600 listed buildings – more than half the total for the whole county.

👉Lincolnshire firm gave its name to a popular chocolate brand

William Rose was a tobacconist from Gainsborough who invented the world first tobacco-wrapping machine.

He landed big contracts in the tobacco industry and in 1906 Rose Brothers (Gainsborough) Ltd began mechanically wrapping confectionery and bakery products.

Cadbury's named Roses chocolates after the company in 1938 in recognition of the firm's invention of the first machine that could wrap differently shaped sweets.

👉The Modern-Day Good Samaritan

Chad Varah, born on November 12, 1911, in Barton-upon-Humber, is renowned for founding The Samaritans, an organization that has left a profound and lasting legacy. Every day, more than 10,000 individuals reach out to The Samaritans during times of need, with 2020 seeing 20,000 volunteers, including 1,000 trained listeners from within prisons, dedicating their time to support others. On November 2, 1953, Vicar Chad Varah answered the very first call after establishing the helpline for those contemplating suicide, describing himself as "a man willing to listen, with a base and an emergency telephone." Today, The Samaritans offer support 24 hours a day, seven days a week, and 365 days a year through the dedicated helpline number 116 123.

👉A Swift's flight: Soaring to a Nest of Compassion in Nursing

Sarah Swift, born on November 22, 1854, at the Blossom Hall Estate in Kirton Skeldyke, is celebrated as the founder of the Royal College of Nursing. Although she was retired from nursing when World War I began, Swift returned to service as the matron-in-chief of the Nursing Division of the Joint War Committee, a role that earned her the Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire in 1919. During this time, she recognized the need for standardized nurse training, leading her to establish the College of Nursing in 1916, which became the Royal College of Nursing 23 years later. Today, it continues to support nurses as the world's largest nursing union and professional body, ensuring her legacy endures in the field of nursing.

👉Victoria’s Laureate: Where History Meets Harmony

Alfred, Lord Tennyson, born on August 6, 1809, in Somersby, is renowned for serving as the Poet Laureate during much of Queen Victoria's reign. He was selected as poet laureate in succession to the exemplary fellow Englishman William Wordsworth. In 1884 he was bestowed with the title peerage "Alfred, Lord Tennyson". His poetry continues to resonate globally, with classic works such as "Ulysses," "Morte d'Arthur," "Break, Break, Break," and "Oh! That 'Twere Possible" remaining extremely popular. Tennyson's enduring legacy is also evident in the phrases he coined, including "tooth and claw" and the poignant sentiment expressed in "’tis better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all," which we still use today, highlighting his profound impact on the language and literature.

👉Steel-ing the Show: The Huntsman Crucible Story

Benjamin Huntsman, born on June 4, 1704, in Epworth, is renowned for developing crucible, or cast, steel. His innovative crucible steel was notable for its uniform composition and relative purity compared to other steels of that era. This type of steel enabled the city of Sheffield - the Steel City - to produce high-quality scythes, horticultural and garden tools, and even cutlery that were sold worldwide. In addition to his work in steel, Huntsman crafted clocks and instruments, utilizing his steel for clock and watch springs. Initially, Sheffield cutlers deemed his material too hard for their needs; however, it wasn't until they noticed the superiority of European cutlery, which Huntsman supplied with his crucible steel, that they recognized the value of his top-secret foundry material. Today, Huntsman is remembered for his significant contributions to the steel industry and the craftsmanship of cutlery.

👉Getting Methodical with Mr. Wesley

Born in Epworth on June 28, 1703, John Wesley is famously remembered as the driving force behind Methodism. This theologian left a lasting legacy by challenging the religious norms of his era through a revivalist movement. Though reports suggest he never intended for Methodism to break away from the Church of England, his methodical approach to Christian practice – characterized by regular bible study, prayer meetings, charitable acts, and communion – resonated deeply with many. As a non-conformist who lived his faith deliberately, Wesley's influence grew significantly, leading to the establishment of the Methodist Church, now the fourth largest Christian denomination in Britain. It's worth noting the significant contribution of his brother, Charles Wesley, whose prolific hymn writing, totaling over 6,500 hymns, also played a vital role in shaping the movement.

👉From Willoughby to the New World: Smith's Legacy

While his exact birthdate remains uncertain, John Smith was baptised on January 6, 1580, in Willoughby and rose to prominence as an explorer and a crucial early leader of the Jamestown Colony, the first permanent English settlement in North America. His impact extended beyond leadership, as he famously named the region of early English colonization "New England" and meticulously mapped significant portions of the territory. Smith is also remembered as an influential writer who effectively promoted the New World to potential English settlers, painting a picture of abundance that is credited with attracting hundreds to North America.

👉The Lincolnshire visionary who shaped America's infrastructure

William Weston, born in 1763, Kirby-on-Bain, was a prominent civil engineer in the late 18th century, known for his significant contributions to infrastructure development in both England and the United States. He first gained recognition for his work on Trent Bridge in Gainsborough between 1787 and 1791. In 1792, Weston sailed from Falmouth to the U.S. to embark on a five-year engagement as the chief engineer for the Schuylkill and Susquehanna Navigation Company in Pennsylvania. His involvement in this project enhanced waterway access in the region, facilitating trade and commerce along the Schuylkill and Susquehanna Rivers. Weston also played a critical role in the Western and Northern Inland Lock Navigation Companies in New York, where he designed locks and canals that promoted efficient movement of goods. In Massachusetts, he contributed to the Middlesex Canal, an early example of successful canal engineering that connected the Merrimack River to Boston Harbor. He was instrumental in the construction of the Schuylkill Permanent Bridge in Philadelphia, which improved transport across the Schuylkill River. His efforts extended to navigation projects on the Potomac River, further cementing his impact on the burgeoning U.S. infrastructure. Weston's innovative techniques and engineering practices laid the groundwork for future developments in civil engineering, influencing generations of engineers and contributing to the professionalization of the field in America. 

👉The Lincolnshire Shooting Star of Science and Philosophy

Isaac Newton was born at Woolsthorpe Manor on Christmas Day, December 25th, 1642. A monumental man, Newton changed the way we understand the universe by discovering the laws of gravity and motion, developed his version of calculus, which he called "the method of fluxions," and also invented the reflecting telescope. By using mirrors instead of lenses, Newton’s telescope reduced chromatic aberration, allowing for clearer and more powerful observations of the cosmos. This innovation significantly advanced the field of astronomy. He also wrote the book: Principia Mathematica (1687), which some cite as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution and the beginning of the Enlightenment. On the telescope:

"Newton’s invention was a response to the limitations of refracting telescopes....His design, which used a primary concave mirror to gather light and a secondary flat diagonal mirror to reflect the image to the eyepiece, eliminated chromatic aberration and produced clearer images...Newton’s invention marked a significant milestone in the development of telescopes and had a profound impact on the scientific revolution." - Telescope Nerd website (a brilliant in-depth look at telescopes throughout history).

Calculus is now the basic entry point for anyone wishing to study physics, chemistry, biology, economics, finance, or actuarial science. Calculus makes it possible to solve problems as diverse as tracking the position of a space shuttle or predicting the pressure building up behind a dam as the water rises. Computers have become a valuable tool for solving calculus problems that were once considered impossibly difficult. - Britannica website.

24 for World Philosophy Day

To celebrate that event on 20th November this year, here are 24 English Enlighteners, Thinkers, and Philosophers.

Thomas Hobbes: A highly influential figure in Western political philosophy, Hobbes introduced social contract theory in his seminal work "Leviathan." He viewed humanity's natural state as one of relentless conflict driven by self-interest, leading to a "war of all against all." To escape this anarchy, Hobbes argued for the necessity of a strong central authority—an absolute sovereign—to impose order and security. His ideas about the social contract laid the groundwork for modern political theory by emphasizing the need for individuals to surrender some freedoms to a governing power in exchange for protection and stability, questioning the balance between authority and liberty that remains relevant in contemporary political discourse.

Mary Wollstonecraft: A foundational figure in feminist philosophy, Wollstonecraft is best known for her groundbreaking work "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman," in which she argued that women are not naturally inferior to men but appear so due to lack of education. Advocating for women's right to education, she emphasized that rational thought and moral virtue are accessible to all, regardless of gender. Wollstonecraft’s ideas ignited the early feminist movement, challenging societal norms and advocating for equality in all aspects of life, from education to politics. Her legacy continues to inspire contemporary discussions about gender equality and women's rights.

John Locke: Often considered the father of Enlightenment thought, Locke’s political philosophy has had a profound influence on the development of modern democracy. In "Two Treatises of Government," he articulated the principles of natural rights—life, liberty, and property—arguing that government should be established by the consent of the governed to protect these rights. His emphasis on the separation of powers and the right of rebellion against unjust government laid the intellectual groundwork for modern democratic systems. Locke's theories were instrumental in shaping the American and French Revolutions, underscoring the importance of individual freedoms and government accountability in societal structures.

Harriet Martineau (maiden name Taylor): As a pioneering feminist sociologist and writer, Martineau’s work addressed various social issues, including gender inequality and class structures. In her influential works, such as "Society in America," she analyzed the effects of the Industrial Revolution on society and advocated for social reform. Martineau was one of the first to apply the principles of sociology to the study of social phenomena, emphasizing the importance of gender and class in understanding human behavior. Her writings provided a crucial early voice for both women's rights and the critique of social injustice, making her legacy significant in the fields of sociology and feminist thought.

Thomas Paine: As a political activist and pamphleteer, Paine wielded considerable influence through writings that focused on social democracy and human rights. His notable works, including "Common Sense," played a critical role in galvanizing public support for the American Revolution, articulating the need for independence from British rule. In "The Rights of Man," he defended the principles of political and social liberties, advocating for land ownership and economic justice. Paine's passionate advocacy for republicanism and critique of tyranny resonated deeply during the revolutionary eras in both America and France, helping to shape contemporary understandings of democracy and individual rights. English author Melvyn Bragg said of him, "Thomas Paine was a great Englishman." Author Kenneth Griffith called him "the most valuable Englishman ever."

Mary Hays: An activist and writer, Hays contributed significantly to early feminist discourse with her works that championed women's rights and social reform. Among her most notable contributions are her writings in response to Wollstonecraft, wherein she articulated the challenges faced by women in a patriarchal society. Hays explored themes of personal liberty, female empowerment, and the importance of education for women. Her literature served not only as a platform for advocating for social change but also as a critical commentary on gender norms, adding depth to the burgeoning feminist movement of her time.

Walter Burley: Although lesser-known than some of his contemporaries, Walter Burley was a medieval philosopher whose explorations in logic and epistemology contributed to early Enlightenment thinking. He engaged with complex questions about knowledge, belief, and the nature of reason, laying foundational work for future philosophers. Burley’s writings on the principles of argumentation and logical reasoning reflect an early awareness of the importance of skeptical inquiry and the pursuit of truth, influencing the development of later philosophical discourse in both the realms of logic and metaphysics.

Virginia Woolf: Recognized as a major modernist writer and feminist thinker, Woolf’s essays and novels tackle complex themes of gender, identity, and societal norms. In "A Room of One's Own," she famously argued that a woman must have financial independence and private space to create literature, critiquing the male-dominated literary tradition that marginalized women’s voices. Woolf's narrative style, characterized by stream-of-consciousness and experimental structure, offered new avenues for exploring the human experience and the intricacies of consciousness. She remains an enduring figure in discussions of feminist literature and modernist thought.

John Maynard Keynes: A pivotal economist during a time of economic upheaval, Keynes revolutionized economic theory and policy with his insights during the Great Depression. His seminal work, "The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money," argued that active government intervention is necessary to manage economic cycles and mitigate the impacts of recessions. He advocated for policies promoting aggregate demand as a way to stimulate economic growth, fundamentally altering the way governments approached economic management. Keynes' theories have had long-lasting effects on economic thought and practice, influencing both macroeconomic theory and fiscal policy worldwide.

Dorothy Wordsworth: As a writer and the sister of poet William Wordsworth, Dorothy’s diaries and letters provide invaluable insights into the Romantic literary movement, showcasing her literary talent and keen observations of nature and society. Her reflections on daily life, nature's beauty, and intimate glimpses into familial relationships enrich our understanding of Romanticism from a female perspective. Dorothy's work, often overshadowed by her brother’s fame, is celebrated for its emotional depth and clarity, contributing significantly to the literary landscape of her era and offering a unique voice that resonates with contemporary readers.

George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans): A renowned novelist and thinker, Eliot's works, including the intricate novel "Middlemarch," delve deeply into social issues, morality, and the complexities of human relationships. Through her rich character development and exploration of social constraints, Eliot offered a profound critique of Victorian society, examining themes of gender, class, and the struggles for personal autonomy. As a female author in a male-dominated literary landscape, she navigated the limitations placed on women, crafting narratives that highlight the importance of empathy and understanding in the human experience, firmly establishing her place in the literary canon.

Isaac Newton: A central figure in the Scientific Revolution, Newton’s formulation of the laws of motion and universal gravitation profoundly changed the understanding of physical science. His work demonstrated a rigorous application of reason and empirical evidence, championing the scientific method as a means of understanding the universe. In "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica", first published in Latin in 1687, translated into English in 1729 as "The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", Newton not only laid the groundwork for classical mechanics but also influenced a wide range of disciplines beyond physics. His analytical approach, coupled with the ambition to explain natural phenomena mathematically, exemplifies the Enlightenment's pursuit of knowledge through rational inquiry and observation. It was a catalyst to a fresh approach to Enlightenment principles.

Edward Forster: A celebrated novelist and essayist, Forster explored themes of class, society, and interpersonal relationships in his works, most notably in "A Passage to India" and "Howards End." Through his intricate narratives and character studies, Forster examined the complexities of human connection in a world marked by societal barriers and cultural tensions. His writings reflect a profound understanding of the ethical dilemmas arising from class structures and colonialism while also advocating for empathy and human understanding. Forster's impact on literature and his critiques of social norms continue to resonate in discussions of class and morality.

Jeremy Bentham: A philosopher and social reformer, Bentham is best known for his development of utilitarianism, a moral philosophy advocating for actions that maximize happiness and minimize suffering. In "Introduction to the Principles of Morality and Legislation," he articulated the principle of the "greatest happiness," which evaluates the moral value of actions based on their consequences. Bentham's work significantly influenced modern ethical theory and had a profound impact on social legislation, lawmaking, and public policy, challenging existing legal frameworks and promoting ideas of justice and equality in a rapidly changing society.

William Godwin: A philosopher known for his contributions to political and moral philosophy, Godwin is regarded as one of the first exponents of utilitarianism and a pioneering modern proponent of anarchism. In his influential works, particularly "An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice" and "Political Justice," Godwin advanced ideas regarding individualism and personal freedom, promoting the notion that individuals are capable of self-governance without the need for coercive state structures. He envisioned a future governed by reason and mutual aid, advocating for small, self-sufficient communities that could exist harmoniously without hierarchical governance, thus challenging traditional notions of authority.

Thomas More: Although he predates the Enlightenment, More's work "Utopia" significantly addressed social problems and envisioned an ideal community, fostering rich discussions about justice, governance, and social reform that resonated deeply with later Enlightenment thinkers. In "Utopia," More critiqued the injustices and inequities of his time, proposing a society characterized by communal ownership, religious tolerance, and equitable governance. His philosophical explorations often exalt idealism while condemning tyranny, serving as a poignant critique of authoritarian rule and setting the stage for future debates on the relationship between the individual and the state. More's work remains influential, inviting ongoing reflection on the possibilities and limitations of social constructs.

Edmund Burke: A prominent political theorist and statesman, Burke became an eloquent critic of the French Revolution, which he viewed as a dangerous departure from established traditions and social order. In his seminal work, "Reflections on the Revolution in France," he emphasized the importance of conserving long-standing societal norms and gradual reform rather than radical upheaval. Burke argued for the value of tradition, civil society, and moral responsibility, presenting a counterpoint to more radical Enlightenment thought. His insights laid the foundation for Burkean conservatism and influenced political philosophy by highlighting the intricate relationship between history, culture, and governance.

Kathy Wilkes: A contemporary philosopher, Wilkes engages deeply with ethical theory, examining the implications of Enlightenment thought in modern contexts. Her work often focuses on the intersections of reason and morality, seeking to reconcile traditional ethical theories with present-day moral dilemmas. By advocating for a thoughtful and nuanced approach to ethics, she challenges the binary thinking that often dominates moral discussions, aiming to illuminate the complexities of human behavior and societal expectations. Wilkes' contributions reflect a commitment to advancing philosophical discourse on morality in an increasingly interconnected world.

Aldous Huxley: A prolific novelist and essayist, Huxley is best known for his dystopian masterpiece "Brave New World," which presents a haunting vision of a future society governed by technology, consumerism, and state control. Through his critique of modernity and social norms, Huxley explored themes of individuality, freedom, and the potential dangers of technological advancement. His body of work often reflects a deep concern for the human condition in the face of rapid societal change, encouraging readers to interrogate the moral implications of progress. Huxley’s insights remain relevant, prompting ongoing discussions about technology's role in shaping human relationships and societal values.

D. H. Lawrence: A noted novelist and poet, Lawrence is best known for works such as "Sons and Lovers" and "Women in Love," which delve into the intricacies of sexuality, emotional struggles, and the profound effects of modernity on human relationships. Lawrence's writing often challenges societal norms and explores the tensions between instinctual desires and socially imposed restrictions. His passionate prose captures the complexities of human experience and the quest for authenticity in a rapidly changing world. By addressing themes of passion, self-discovery, and the interplay between nature and civilization, Lawrence's work continues to resonate with contemporary readers seeking to understand the human psyche.

Joseph Priestley: A multifaceted scientist and philosopher, Priestley is most renowned for his discovery of oxygen, which significantly advanced the field of chemistry. His contributions exemplify the Enlightenment spirit of inquiry and the commitment to challenging established knowledge. In addition to his scientific pursuits, Priestley was an outspoken advocate for political and religious freedom, promoting ideas of liberty and rational thought. His writings not only contributed to the advancement of scientific understanding but also engaged with the moral and political issues of his day, influencing both the scientific community and broader societal reforms.

Francis Bacon: Often regarded as the father of empiricism, Bacon’s philosophical and scientific contributions laid the foundation for modern scientific thought. His notable works, including "The Advancement of Knowledge" and "Novum Organum," argue for the importance of the experimental method and empirical observation in understanding the natural world. Bacon emphasized the need for a systematic approach to inquiry, advocating for a departure from reliance on tradition and authority in favor of observable evidence. His ideas ignited a transformative shift in scientific practice, leading to the development of a rigorous methodology that continues to inform scientific research today.

Alfred North Whitehead: A significant figure in the process philosophy movement, Whitehead merged philosophy and science in innovative ways, emphasizing the interconnectedness of reality. His works, such as "Process and Reality," challenge static notions of existence, proposing instead that reality is characterized by change and flux. Whitehead’s emphasis on the importance of relationships and processes over isolated entities offers a dynamic framework for understanding the universe. His ideas have had far-reaching implications not just in philosophy, but also in science, theology, and ecology, encouraging holistic perspectives that consider the interrelations of all entities.

G.E. Moore: A leading figure in analytical philosophy, Moore’s work made significant contributions to ethical theory, particularly with his influential text "Principia Ethica." In this work, he famously challenged the notion of defining good in terms of other properties, laying the groundwork for what is now known as the "open question argument." Moore’s exploration of moral philosophy encouraged a more rigorous examination of ethical principles and has influenced contemporary discussions surrounding moral realism and normative ethics. His analytical approach has left a lasting mark on philosophy, shaping the methods and debates of subsequent generations of thinkers.

English Soldiering

Many people don't define war as a nations achievement, so here are some examples of English fighting ability

• 4th Battalion Royal West Kent Regiment as part of the garrison at Kohima 1944 versus the Japanese in their U-go offensive into India. See the link but especially the documentary on the Yesterday channel on tv, of both Japanese and English veterans who were there relate their experiences of this brutal and enduring contest.
• 'Six VCs before breakfast' The 1st Lancashire Fusiliers battalion were awarded six Victoria Crosses when they stormed the beaches of Cape Helles during the Gallipoli campaign in 1915 against the Ottoman Turks. It was mined and had extensive barbed wire placings and machine gun fire that was well hidden on the cliffs. The battalion lost over half their men. The battalion was reformed and with reinforcements were able to take the trenches on the cliffs and secure them.
• 'The Glorious Glosters' during the Battle of Imjin River in the Korean war against the Chinese in 1951 , the 1st Gloucestershire battalion made a heroic stand on hill 235 against overwhelming odds for four days. It became known as 'Gloster Hill'. A memorial was erected there with a memorial garden and park and a large Gloucestershire beret and actual life size soldiers. A rope bridge also was erected, known as The Gloucester Heroes Bridge.

👉2nd Battalion, Suffolk Regiment (proving peacetime troops can still do "real war" - and includes the battalion in India) 

The 2nd Battalion, Suffolk Regiment landed at landed at Le Havre as part of the 14th Brigade in the 5th Division in August 1914.  The value of the 2nd Battalion's 20 years of peacetime training was exemplified at the Battle of Le Cateau on 26 August 1914, a mere 23 days since Britain had declared war on Germany. In this action the 2nd Battalion undertook a fierce rear-guard defence out-manned and out-gunned by superior numbers of enemy. The 2nd Battalion held their defensive position despite losing their commanding officer, Lt. Col. C.A.H. Brett DSO, at the commencement of the action and their second in command, Maj. E.C. Doughty, who was severely wounded after six hours of battle as he went forward to take ammunition to the hard-pressed battalion machine gunners.

Almost totally decimated as a fighting unit after over eight hours of incessant fighting, the 2nd Battalion, Suffolk Regiment was gradually outflanked but would still not surrender. This was despite the fact that the German Army, knowing the 2nd Battalion had no hope of survival, entreated them to surrender, even ordering the German buglers to sound the British Cease Fire and gesticulating for the men of the 2nd to lay down their arms. At length an overwhelming force rushed the 2nd Battalion from the rear, bringing down all resistance and the 2nd's defence of Le Cateau was at an end. Those remaining alive were taken captive by the Germans, spending the next four years as prisoners of war and not returning home until Christmas Day 1918.

During its service in India the 2nd Battalion became known as a "well officered battalion that compared favourably with the best battalion in the service having the nicest possible feeling amongst all ranks". The 2nd was also regarded as a good shooting battalion with high level of musketry skills (which means bringing fire from a group of rifle and automatic weapons to bear on specified targets).

The spirit of independence and self-reliance exhibited by officers and non-commissioned officers led to the 2nd Battalion taking first place in the Quetta Division of the British Army of India, from a military effectiveness point of view, in a six-day test. This test saw the men under arms for over 12 hours a day conducting a wide selection of military manoeuvres, including bridge building, retreats under fire, forced marches and defending ground and fixed fortifications. 

👉English 46th Division [North Midland] Quentin Canal, 1918, during the 'last 100 days' of the first world war:

• The assault across the canal met all of its objectives, on schedule, at a cost of somewhat fewer than 800 casualties to the division. The great success of the day had come where many had least expected it. The 46th Division assault was considered to be one of the outstanding feats of arms of the war.

Bean [War historian Charles Bean] described the attack as an "extraordinarily difficult task" and "a wonderful achievement" in his official Australian war history. Monash [Jewish Australian General] wrote that it was "an astonishing success...[which] materially assisted me in the situation in which I was placed later on the same day" - Wikipedia

👉English 55th Division (West Lancashire)

After a rest and a period of retraining, the division took part in the Battle of Estaires in 1918, where it successfully fought the "First Defence of Givenchy" under the leadership of Major-General Hugh Jeudwine. This was to become the single most famous action that the Division fought.

"It was afterwards publicly stated by an officer of the German General Staff that the stand made by the Division on April 9 and the days which followed marked the final ruination of the supreme German effort of 1918" - Divisional history.

Givenchy was eventually selected as the location of a fine memorial to the Division. By the Armistice on 11 November, the division had reached the Tournai area, having advanced fifty miles in eighty days.

Lieutenant-General Thomas Snow (VII Corps) wrote that he:

 "...cannot allow the 55th Division to leave ... without expressing ... his satisfaction at the way they fought and worked during the recent operations. It is not at present quite clear what happened on the left of the Division, but, from the enquiries made ..., he knows that ... in spite of the heavy losses incurred, [the 30th] was a day which will always reflect credit on the 55th Division."

👉Three excellent battalions chosen to lead D-Day landings in WW II

"the 2nd Devon’s, 1st Hampshire’s and 1st Dorset’s…the three battalions won a reputation second to no other formation in Montgomery’s army. Their record in Sicily and Italy prompted Monty to choose them to lead the British landings on D-Day." - Taken from the book “Roy’s Boys” as part of the 8th Army in Sicily and Italy. You can find the excerpts on The Keep Military Museum online about these local regiments.

👉The 5th East Yorkshires

Nijmegen (part of Operation Market Garden) where they moved into the bridgehead over the Waal and come under command of the Guards Armoured Division.

"We crossed the bridge and took over from the Yanks... When we approached the bridge there were a lot of dead American paras laid out. Here we met the German storm-troopers, you know the death or glory boys... We dug in both sides and held the position for a number of days. Frogmen came up the river to blow the bridge but they were spotted in time and shot on the water. I was sat in a trench having a drink when a plane came over, I said "look the poor buggers on fire!" That was my first sight of a jet fighter." — Sgt Max Hearst, 5th East Yorkshires

 

👉1st Staffordshire Volunteer Battalion 

Sent to Egypt in 1895. From there the 1st Battalion took part in operations in the Second Sudanese War under Lord Kitchener. During the campaign, the 1st Battalion were based initially at Wadi Halfa but moved to Gemai to avoid a cholera outbreak. In September the battalion took part in the action against the Dervish Army at Hafir, which was decisive in ending the campaign. As a result, the North Staffordshire Regiment received the unique "Hafir" battle honour, given to no other British regiment.

👉In 1757 where the English 39th Dorset's played a large part in the victory at Plassey that opened the gateway to India. It was particularly the Dorset grenadiers in the lead.  There was an excellent brief summary of the Dorset's role in the battle from The Keep Military Museum but has since been removed during updating of their site.

• The 39th 'was given the proud motto 'Primus in Indis' (First in India) and the battle honour 'Plassey' for its colours.'

 

👉Rorkes Drift 1879

• Of the 122 soldiers of the 24th Regiment present at the Battle of Rorke's Drift, 49 are known to have been of English nationality, 32 were Welsh, 16 were Irish, 1 was a Scot, and 3 were born overseas. The nationalities of the remaining 21 are unknown.

Source: Norman Holme (1999) The Noble 24th p. 383

👉The English Northumbrian 50th Division was one of two British divisions chosen (the other being the English 3rd Infantry (Wiltshires) to land in Normandy on D-Day, 6 June 1944, where it landed on Gold Beach. Four men of the division were awarded the Victoria Cross during the war, more than any other division of the British Army during the Second World War.

69th Brigade, as part of the 50th, was made up from my home county of Yorkshire regiments; 5th Battalion, East Yorkshire, and 6th & 7th Battalions, Green Howards. 

The 50th division served with distinction in North Africa, the Mediterranean and Middle East from mid-1941 to 1943. And this was the reason they were chosen to go in on D-Day.

Examples of Fighting spirit in 1944:

June 13-15, the division, along with the Panzer Lehr Division, had settled into an equally exhausting stalemate characterized by English attacks and German counterattacks from well prepared defensive positions. 

(The Lehr Division was formed in 1943 from personnel sourced from various groups, including the Wehrmacht. It was intended to serve as a model division, demonstrating the principles of combined arms operations.)

On June 16, the 50th Division advanced against stiff resistance toward Longraye, about halfway to its objective of securing a road to the south. By June 18, the division had finally captured Tilly with the help of the English 2nd Essex of the 56th Brigade. Alongside the English 6th Durham Light Infantry and tanks from the 24th Lancers (armoured cavalry regiment, equipped with American Sherman tanks, including the English Firefly tank, an adapted Sherman with a 17 pounder gun - both part of the British Army and recruited primarily from England), it was preceded by a rolling barrage, which was described as demonstrating “the perfect cooperation of artillery, tanks, and infantry” and "really showcased what could be achieved." 

The 50th Division arrived back in Britain at Liverpool Docks in early November:

“On the way home we was told to remove all our insignia as no one was to know we was coming, the first thing we saw when we entered Liverpool Docks was a big banner proclaiming 'Welcome Home 50th Division'.” - Sgt Max Hearst 5th East Yorkshire Regiment.

👉The 43rd Wessex Division (known as Wessex Wyverns) were nicknamed the "Yellow Devils" by the Germans during World War II (due to their fighting ability and a shoulder patch featuring a yellow emblem of a dragon associated with the ancient Saxon kings of Wessex, which the regiment adopted as "Fighting Yellow Devils.".) And when German prisoners reflected on the 43rd's use of armored tanks, they referred to them as "The English SS Panzer Division."

👉The English 49th Division (West Riding, Yorkshire) had a divisional badge of a polar bear, earning them the nickname "Polar Bears." is because the badge was chosen before they were supposed to be deployed to Norway 1940, yet only some of the division sent there, yet proved themselves, and so retained the badge because it reflected the division's ability to withstand extreme conditions and adversity, much like a polar bear thriving in the harsh Arctic. The Germans referred to them as the "Polar Bear Butchers," was due to their reputation for not taking prisoners of hated German snipers and Waffen-SS troops, executing them in contravention of the Geneva Convention.

On a side note, the commanding officer of the Polar Bears, Evelyn Barker, who had a stint with the division (during which they were sometimes called "Barker's Bears"), stated: "My fortune was to command the Polar Bears, whose achievements were made possible by its great efficiency at all levels, its high morale, and the marvelous teamwork..... It was a splendid fighting machine."

Who was Robin Hood...and who was Lucy Griffiths??

First of all. Legend has it that Robin Hood was an outlaw living in Sherwood Forest with his ‘Merry Men’ – but did he really exist?

There are several versions of the Robin Hood story. The Hollywood one is that of an incredibly handsome man – Errol Flynn – clothed in garments of Lincoln green, fighting for the rights of the oppressed and outwitting the evil Sheriff of Nottingham.

However the first known literary reference to Robin Hood and his men was in 1377, and the Sloane manuscripts in the British Museum have an account of Robin’s life which states that he was born around 1160 in Lockersley (most likely modern day Loxley) in South Yorkshire. Another chronicler has it that he was a Wakefield man and took part in Thomas of Lancaster’s rebellion in 1322.

One certain fact is that he was a North Country man, with his traditional haunts as an outlaw in Sherwood Forest and a coastal refuge at Robin Hood’s Bay in Yorkshire.

One well known story about Robin that places him in Whitby, Yorkshire, is about him and Little John having a friendly archery contest. Both men were skilled at archery and from the roof of the Monastery they both shot an arrow. The arrows fell at Whitby Lathes, more than a mile away. Afterwards the fields where the arrows landed were known as Robin Hood’s Close and Little John’s Close.

Robin became a popular folk hero because of his generosity to the poor and down-trodden peasants, and his hatred of the Sheriff and his verderers who enforced the oppressive forest laws, made him their champion. Some chroniclers date his exploits as taking place during the reign of Edward II, but other versions say the king was Richard I, the Lionheart. Robin having fought in the Crusades alongside the Lionheart before returning to England to find his lands siezed by the Sheriff.

All versions of the Robin Hood story give the same account of his death. As he grew older and became ill, he went with Little John to Kirklees Priory near Huddersfield, to be treated by his aunt, the Prioress, but a certain Sir Roger de Doncaster persuaded her to murder her nephew and the Prioress slowly bled Robin to death. With the last of his strength he blew his horn and Little John came to his aid, but too late.

Little John placed Robin’s bow in his hand and carried him to a window from where Robin managed to loose one arrow. Robin asked Little John to bury him where the arrow landed, which he duly did.

A mound in Kirklees Park, within bow-shot of the house, can still be seen and is said to be his last resting place. Little John’s grave can be seen in Hathersage churchyard in Derbyshire.

But what of his lover Maid Marion? Not much of Robin’s career is known, but nowhere in the chronicles is Maid Marion mentioned, so we must assume she was ‘added’ to the stories at a later date.

So, Robin did exist, but not in quite the same way as the Robin Hood we all think of, the cinematic Robin of Sherwood, Prince of Thieves! His story however, remains one of the best known tales of English folklore.

[Picture from the BBC drama series of Robin Hood played by Irish actor Jonas Armstrong and Marion, played by Lucy Griffiths, that ran for 3 seasons, and although a very popular show, it was cancelled in 2009 when they miserably killed Robin off! Main article by Ben Johnson for Historic UK.]

English Car and Motorcycle Engineers & Designers

A brief appraisal, which doesn't do them justice. But it is about awareness and a reminder of their names in showcasing them (pardon the pun;)

Pictured is the 1964 Jaguar E-Type Open Two Seater Series I from the spy fiction TV series of The Champions, episode 26 (1968,  designed by Malcolm Sayer. Incidentally, the theme tune to The Champions was by English composer Tony Hatch, who composed many of the favourite British soap and drama theme tunes during his career. Even the popular Australian soap "Neighbours, which his wife, Jackie Trent, wrote the lyrics.

Colin Chapman - Founder of Lotus Cars, known for innovations in lightweight vehicle design, and pioneering concepts like monocoque chassis and ground effects in racing cars.

Malcolm Sayer - Jaguar’s chief aerodynamicist, famous for his work on the E-type and other Jaguar models, utilizing advanced aerodynamics in both production and racing cars.

Pat Symonds - Renowned for his engineering roles in Formula 1, particularly with teams like Benetton and Renault, known for strategic and technical innovations.

Andy Newell - Noted for his engineering expertise in motorsport, particularly with the Renault F1 team and innovations in race car aerodynamics and design.

Ross Brawn - A key engineering figure in F1, known for his roles at Benetton and Ferrari, and for developing successful race strategies. He played a significant role in F1 governance as well.

Harry Weslake - Famous for developing highly efficient engine designs, including the Weslake cylinder head, which contributed to improved performance in both racing and production cars.

John Blatchley - Known for his design work for Lotus, particularly on the Elise and Esprit, emphasizing performance and aerodynamics.

Herbert Austin - Founder of Austin Motor Company, known for mass-producing affordable cars in the early 20th century, and innovations in production methodology.

Keith Duckworth - Co-founder of Cosworth, famous for the DFV (Double Four Valve) engine, which dominated F1 racing in the 1960s and 70s, and influenced road car engine designs.

John Crosthwaite - Renowned for his contributions to motorsport vehicle design, particularly in the context of racing car engineering and development with companies like Cooper.

Frederick Lanchester - A pioneering engineer known for advancements in automotive engineering principles and early automotive design, including work on electric vehicles.

George Lanchester - Worked on various innovations in automotive engineering, contributing to early vehicle design and development.

David Bache - Notable industrial and automotive designer known for shaping the design language of Rover cars, including the classic Rover SD1.

John Siddeley - An engineer known for his influence on motor vehicle development and design, focusing on the production side of the industry.

William Morris - Founded Morris Motors, known for creating numerous affordable cars in the early 20th century, influencing mass production methods in the UK automotive industry.

W.O. Bentley - Co-founder of Bentley Motors, known for luxury performance cars and engineering advancements that combined power with refinement.

Henry Royce - Co-founder of Rolls-Royce, known for luxury automobiles and engineering excellence, especially the development of the high-quality Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost.

Maurice Wilks - Key figure behind the development of the original Land Rover, focusing on building rugged and versatile vehicles for diverse uses.

Spencer Wilks - Served as Managing Director of Land Rover, contributing to its success and promoting the brand's adventurous image.

Russell Carr - Designer known for his work at Aston Martin, contributing to various sports and luxury car models.

Doug Hele - An influential figure in motorcycle design, known for engineering advancements at Triumph, and his contributions to motorcycle race performance.

Charles Spencer King - Noted for his design work at Rover, including the influential Rover SD1, known for its practicality and styling.

Lawrie Bond - Known for his work with sports cars including the Bond Bug, and his contributions to automotive design.

Thomas Pullinger - Feature of early automotive engineering and design, contributing to various small-volume vehicle manufacturers.

Edward Turner - Recognized for his motorcycle designs at Triumph, including the famous Speed Twin and the introduction of the unit construction engine.

Val Page - A significant figure in motorcycle engineering at BSA, known for designs that influenced the British motorcycle industry.

Jame Norton - A leading figure in motorcycle manufacturing, particularly known for Norton Motorcycles and its performance-oriented models.

Bert Hopwood - Notable for his work at Norton and as a designer behind several significant motorcycle models, focusing on racing performance and engineering.

Gerald Palmer - Influential British car designer known for his work on the MG TC and other vehicles, contributing to post-war British car innovation.

James Allison - Prominent in F1, known for his engineering leadership at Mercedes and contributions to championship-winning designs and strategies.

Cecil Kimber - Founder of the MG car company, Kimber was instrumental in developing the MG brand and its sports car ethos, emphasizing performance and design tailored for driving enthusiasts.

Peter Horbury - A noted automotive designer, known for his work with Volvo and Ford. He was influential in shaping the design language of modern Volvo cars, promoting safety and Scandinavian aesthetics.

Walter Belgrove - Known for his work in automotive engineering and design. He significantly contributed to the development of various British cars, particularly through his work with companies like Jensen Motors.

George Turnbull - A significant figure in the British automotive industry, notably as the managing director of the British Leyland Group and later involved with the development of key models at companies like MG and Triumph.

William Towns - An automotive designer known for his work on several notable British cars, most famously the Aston Martin Lagonda, which featured groundbreaking design elements and technology for its time.

George Palmer - An influential designer, known for his work with various British car manufacturers, particularly for his contributions to the design and engineering of vehicles during the 1960s and 70s.

John Frayling - Noted for his contributions to automotive design and engineering, he worked with companies like the British Motor Corporation (BMC) and later had an impact on vehicle development with Leyland.

Ken Howes - Known for his role in the British automotive industry and specifically for his contributions to vehicle design and engineering, helping guide production strategies at companies like Rover.

Dudley Hobbs - An automotive designer recognized for his work in the design and development of British cars, contributing to both stylistic and functional elements in vehicles.

Oliver Winterbottom - A designer and engineer noted for his work with Lotus, where he was involved in developing sports cars known for their performance and innovative engineering solutions.

Martin Smith - An influential designer known for his work with Ford and later with AstraZeneca. He made significant contributions to the design of various Ford vehicles, focusing on modern, user-friendly styling. The former Opel and Porsche designer, based in Cologne, Germany, is responsible for a team of 350 Ford artists in the UK and Europe, who have transformed the appearance of the marque’s cars over the past decade.