English Soldiering


Many people don't define war as a nations achievement, so here are some examples of English fighting ability
  • 4th Battalion Royal West Kent Regiment as part of the garrison at Kohima 1944 versus the Japanese in their U-go offensive into India. See the link but especially the documentary on the Yesterday channel on tv, of both Japanese and English veterans who were there relate their experiences of this brutal and enduring contest.
  • 'Six VCs before breakfast' The 1st Lancashire Fusiliers battalion were awarded six Victoria Crosses when they stormed the beaches of Cape Helles during the Gallipoli campaign in 1915 against the Ottoman Turks. It was mined and had extensive barbed wire placings and machine gun fire that was well hidden on the cliffs. The battalion lost over half their men. The battalion was reformed and with reinforcements were able to take the trenches on the cliffs and secure them.
  • 'The Glorious Glosters' during the Battle of Imjin River in the Korean war against the Chinese in 1951 , the 1st Gloucestershire battalion made a heroic stand on hill 235 against overwhelming odds for four days. It became known as 'Gloster Hill'. A memorial was erected there with a memorial garden and park and a large Gloucestershire beret and actual life size soldiers. A rope bridge also was erected, known as The Gloucester Heroes Bridge.

👉2nd Battalion, Suffolk Regiment (proving peacetime troops can still do "real war" - and includes the battalion in India) 

The 2nd Battalion, Suffolk Regiment landed at landed at Le Havre as part of the 14th Brigade in the 5th Division in August 1914.  The value of the 2nd Battalion's 20 years of peacetime training was exemplified at the Battle of Le Cateau on 26 August 1914, a mere 23 days since Britain had declared war on Germany. In this action the 2nd Battalion undertook a fierce rear-guard defence out-manned and out-gunned by superior numbers of enemy. The 2nd Battalion held their defensive position despite losing their commanding officer, Lt. Col. C.A.H. Brett DSO, at the commencement of the action and their second in command, Maj. E.C. Doughty, who was severely wounded after six hours of battle as he went forward to take ammunition to the hard-pressed battalion machine gunners.

Almost totally decimated as a fighting unit after over eight hours of incessant fighting, the 2nd Battalion, Suffolk Regiment was gradually outflanked but would still not surrender. This was despite the fact that the German Army, knowing the 2nd Battalion had no hope of survival, entreated them to surrender, even ordering the German buglers to sound the British Cease Fire and gesticulating for the men of the 2nd to lay down their arms. At length an overwhelming force rushed the 2nd Battalion from the rear, bringing down all resistance and the 2nd's defence of Le Cateau was at an end. Those remaining alive were taken captive by the Germans, spending the next four years as prisoners of war and not returning home until Christmas Day 1918.

During its service in India the 2nd Battalion became known as a "well officered battalion that compared favourably with the best battalion in the service having the nicest possible feeling amongst all ranks". The 2nd was also regarded as a good shooting battalion with high level of musketry skills (which means bringing fire from a group of rifle and automatic weapons to bear on specified targets).

The spirit of independence and self-reliance exhibited by officers and non-commissioned officers led to the 2nd Battalion taking first place in the Quetta Division of the British Army of India, from a military effectiveness point of view, in a six-day test. This test saw the men under arms for over 12 hours a day conducting a wide selection of military manoeuvres, including bridge building, retreats under fire, forced marches and defending ground and fixed fortifications. 

👉English 46th Division [North Midland] Quentin Canal, 1918, during the 'last 100 days' of the first world war:


  • The assault across the canal met all of its objectives, on schedule, at a cost of somewhat fewer than 800 casualties to the division. The great success of the day had come where many had least expected it. The 46th Division assault was considered to be one of the outstanding feats of arms of the war.

Bean [War historian Charles Bean] described the attack as an "extraordinarily difficult task" and "a wonderful achievement" in his official Australian war history. Monash [Jewish Australian General] wrote that it was "an astonishing success...[which] materially assisted me in the situation in which I was placed later on the same day" - Wikipedia


👉English 55th Division (West Lancashire)


After a rest and a period of retraining, the division took part in the Battle of Estaires in 1918, where it successfully fought the "First Defence of Givenchy" under the leadership of Major-General Hugh Jeudwine. This was to become the single most famous action that the Division fought.


"It was afterwards publicly stated by an officer of the German General Staff that the stand made by the Division on April 9 and the days which followed marked the final ruination of the supreme German effort of 1918" - Divisional history.


Givenchy was eventually selected as the location of a fine memorial to the Division. By the Armistice on 11 November, the division had reached the Tournai area, having advanced fifty miles in eighty days.


Lieutenant-General Thomas Snow (VII Corps) wrote that he:

 "...cannot allow the 55th Division to leave ... without expressing ... his satisfaction at the way they fought and worked during the recent operations. It is not at present quite clear what happened on the left of the Division, but, from the enquiries made ..., he knows that ... in spite of the heavy losses incurred, [the 30th] was a day which will always reflect credit on the 55th Division."


👉Three excellent battalions chosen to lead D-Day landings in WW II

"the 2nd Devon’s, 1st Hampshire’s and 1st Dorset’s…the three battalions won a reputation second to no other formation in Montgomery’s army. Their record in Sicily and Italy prompted Monty to choose them to lead the British landings on D-Day." - Taken from the book “Roy’s Boys” as part of the 8th Army in Sicily and Italy. You can find the excerpts on The Keep Military Museum online about these local regiments.

👉The 5th East Yorkshires

Nijmegen (part of Operation Market Garden) where they moved into the bridgehead over the Waal and come under command of the Guards Armoured Division.


"We crossed the bridge and took over from the Yanks... When we approached the bridge there were a lot of dead American paras laid out. Here we met the German storm-troopers, you know the death or glory boys... We dug in both sides and held the position for a number of days. Frogmen came up the river to blow the bridge but they were spotted in time and shot on the water. I was sat in a trench having a drink when a plane came over, I said "look the poor buggers on fire!" That was my first sight of a jet fighter." — Sgt Max Hearst, 5th East Yorkshires

 

👉1st Staffordshire Volunteer Battalion 


Sent to Egypt in 1895. From there the 1st Battalion took part in operations in the Second Sudanese War under Lord Kitchener. During the campaign, the 1st Battalion were based initially at Wadi Halfa but moved to Gemai to avoid a cholera outbreak. In September the battalion took part in the action against the Dervish Army at Hafir, which was decisive in ending the campaign. As a result, the North Staffordshire Regiment received the unique "Hafir" battle honour, given to no other British regiment.


👉In 1757 where the English 39th Dorset's played a large part in the victory at Plassey that opened the gateway to India. It was particularly the Dorset grenadiers in the lead.  There was an excellent brief summary of the Dorset's role in the battle from The Keep Military Museum but has since been removed during updating of their site.


  • The 39th 'was given the proud motto 'Primus in Indis' (First in India) and the battle honour 'Plassey' for its colours.'

 

👉Rorkes Drift 1879


  • Of the 122 soldiers of the 24th Regiment present at the Battle of Rorke's Drift, 49 are known to have been of English nationality, 32 were Welsh, 16 were Irish, 1 was a Scot, and 3 were born overseas. The nationalities of the remaining 21 are unknown.

Source: Norman Holme (1999) The Noble 24th p. 383


👉The English Northumbrian 50th Division was one of two British divisions chosen (the other being the English 3rd Infantry (Wiltshires) to land in Normandy on D-Day, 6 June 1944, where it landed on Gold Beach. Four men of the division were awarded the Victoria Cross during the war, more than any other division of the British Army during the Second World War.


69th Brigade, as part of the 50th, was made up from my home county of Yorkshire regiments; 5th Battalion, East Yorkshire, and 6th & 7th Battalions, Green Howards. 


The 50th division served with distinction in North Africa, the Mediterranean and Middle East from mid-1941 to 1943. And this was the reason they were chosen to go in on D-Day.


Examples of Fighting spirit in 1944:


June 13-15, the division, along with the Panzer Lehr Division, had settled into an equally exhausting stalemate characterized by English attacks and German counterattacks from well prepared defensive positions. 


(The Lehr Division was formed in 1943 from personnel sourced from various groups, including the Wehrmacht. It was intended to serve as a model division, demonstrating the principles of combined arms operations.)


On June 16, the 50th Division advanced against stiff resistance toward Longraye, about halfway to its objective of securing a road to the south. By June 18, the division had finally captured Tilly with the help of the English 2nd Essex of the 56th Brigade. Alongside the English 6th Durham Light Infantry and tanks from the 24th Lancers (armoured cavalry regiment, equipped with American Sherman tanks, including the English Firefly tank, an adapted Sherman with a 17 pounder gun - both part of the British Army and recruited primarily from England), it was preceded by a rolling barrage, which was described as demonstrating “the perfect cooperation of artillery, tanks, and infantry” and "really showcased what could be achieved." 


The 50th Division arrived back in Britain at Liverpool Docks in early November:


“On the way home we was told to remove all our insignia as no one was to know we was coming, the first thing we saw when we entered Liverpool Docks was a big banner proclaiming 'Welcome Home 50th Division'.” - Sgt Max Hearst 5th East Yorkshire Regiment.


👉The 43rd Wessex Division (known as Wessex Wyverns) were nicknamed the "Yellow Devils" by the Germans during World War II (due to their fighting ability and a shoulder patch featuring a yellow emblem of a dragon associated with the ancient Saxon kings of Wessex, which the regiment adopted as "Fighting Yellow Devils.".) And when German prisoners reflected on the 43rd's use of armored tanks, they referred to them as "The English SS Panzer Division."

👉The English 49th Division (West Riding, Yorkshire) had a divisional badge of a polar bear, earning them the nickname "Polar Bears." is because the badge was chosen before they were supposed to be deployed to Norway 1940, yet only some of the division sent there, yet proved themselves, and so retained the badge because it reflected the division's ability to withstand extreme conditions and adversity, much like a polar bear thriving in the harsh Arctic. The Germans referred to them as the "Polar Bear Butchers," was due to their reputation for not taking prisoners of hated German snipers and Waffen-SS troops, executing them in contravention of the Geneva Convention.

On a side note, the commanding officer of the Polar Bears, Evelyn Barker, who had a stint with the division (during which they were sometimes called "Barker's Bears"), stated: "My fortune was to command the Polar Bears, whose achievements were made possible by its great efficiency at all levels, its high morale, and the marvelous teamwork..... It was a splendid fighting machine."

Who was Robin Hood...and who was Lucy Griffiths??

First of all. Legend has it that Robin Hood was an outlaw living in Sherwood Forest with his ‘Merry Men’ – but did he really exist?

There are several versions of the Robin Hood story. The Hollywood one is that of an incredibly handsome man – Errol Flynn – clothed in garments of Lincoln green, fighting for the rights of the oppressed and outwitting the evil Sheriff of Nottingham.

However the first known literary reference to Robin Hood and his men was in 1377, and the Sloane manuscripts in the British Museum have an account of Robin’s life which states that he was born around 1160 in Lockersley (most likely modern day Loxley) in South Yorkshire. Another chronicler has it that he was a Wakefield man and took part in Thomas of Lancaster’s rebellion in 1322.

One certain fact is that he was a North Country man, with his traditional haunts as an outlaw in Sherwood Forest and a coastal refuge at Robin Hood’s Bay in Yorkshire.

One well known story about Robin that places him in Whitby, Yorkshire, is about him and Little John having a friendly archery contest. Both men were skilled at archery and from the roof of the Monastery they both shot an arrow. The arrows fell at Whitby Lathes, more than a mile away. Afterwards the fields where the arrows landed were known as Robin Hood’s Close and Little John’s Close.

Robin became a popular folk hero because of his generosity to the poor and down-trodden peasants, and his hatred of the Sheriff and his verderers who enforced the oppressive forest laws, made him their champion. Some chroniclers date his exploits as taking place during the reign of Edward II, but other versions say the king was Richard I, the Lionheart. Robin having fought in the Crusades alongside the Lionheart before returning to England to find his lands siezed by the Sheriff.

All versions of the Robin Hood story give the same account of his death. As he grew older and became ill, he went with Little John to Kirklees Priory near Huddersfield, to be treated by his aunt, the Prioress, but a certain Sir Roger de Doncaster persuaded her to murder her nephew and the Prioress slowly bled Robin to death. With the last of his strength he blew his horn and Little John came to his aid, but too late.

Little John placed Robin’s bow in his hand and carried him to a window from where Robin managed to loose one arrow. Robin asked Little John to bury him where the arrow landed, which he duly did.

A mound in Kirklees Park, within bow-shot of the house, can still be seen and is said to be his last resting place. Little John’s grave can be seen in Hathersage churchyard in Derbyshire.

But what of his lover Maid Marion? Not much of Robin’s career is known, but nowhere in the chronicles is Maid Marion mentioned, so we must assume she was ‘added’ to the stories at a later date.

So, Robin did exist, but not in quite the same way as the Robin Hood we all think of, the cinematic Robin of Sherwood, Prince of Thieves! His story however, remains one of the best known tales of English folklore.

[Picture from the BBC drama series of Robin Hood played by Irish actor Jonas Armstrong and Marion, played by Lucy Griffiths, that ran for 3 seasons, and although a very popular show, it was cancelled in 2009 when they miserably killed Robin off! Main article by Ben Johnson for Historic UK.]


English Car and Motorcycle Engineers & Designers


A brief appraisal, which doesn't do them justice. But it is about awareness and a reminder of their names in showcasing them (pardon the pun;)

Pictured is the 1964 Jaguar E-Type Open Two Seater Series I from the spy fiction TV series of The Champions, episode 26 (1968,  designed by Malcolm Sayer. Incidentally, the theme tune to The Champions was by English composer Tony Hatch, who composed many of the favourite British soap and drama theme tunes during his career. Even the popular Australian soap "Neighbours, which his wife, Jackie Trent, wrote the lyrics.

Colin Chapman - Founder of Lotus Cars, known for innovations in lightweight vehicle design, and pioneering concepts like monocoque chassis and ground effects in racing cars.


Malcolm Sayer - Jaguar’s chief aerodynamicist, famous for his work on the E-type and other Jaguar models, utilizing advanced aerodynamics in both production and racing cars.


Pat Symonds - Renowned for his engineering roles in Formula 1, particularly with teams like Benetton and Renault, known for strategic and technical innovations.


Andy Newell - Noted for his engineering expertise in motorsport, particularly with the Renault F1 team and innovations in race car aerodynamics and design.


Ross Brawn - A key engineering figure in F1, known for his roles at Benetton and Ferrari, and for developing successful race strategies. He played a significant role in F1 governance as well.


Harry Weslake - Famous for developing highly efficient engine designs, including the Weslake cylinder head, which contributed to improved performance in both racing and production cars.


John Blatchley - Known for his design work for Lotus, particularly on the Elise and Esprit, emphasizing performance and aerodynamics.


Herbert Austin - Founder of Austin Motor Company, known for mass-producing affordable cars in the early 20th century, and innovations in production methodology.


Keith Duckworth - Co-founder of Cosworth, famous for the DFV (Double Four Valve) engine, which dominated F1 racing in the 1960s and 70s, and influenced road car engine designs.


John Crosthwaite - Renowned for his contributions to motorsport vehicle design, particularly in the context of racing car engineering and development with companies like Cooper.


Frederick Lanchester - A pioneering engineer known for advancements in automotive engineering principles and early automotive design, including work on electric vehicles.


George Lanchester - Worked on various innovations in automotive engineering, contributing to early vehicle design and development.


David Bache - Notable industrial and automotive designer known for shaping the design language of Rover cars, including the classic Rover SD1.


John Siddeley - An engineer known for his influence on motor vehicle development and design, focusing on the production side of the industry.


William Morris - Founded Morris Motors, known for creating numerous affordable cars in the early 20th century, influencing mass production methods in the English automotive industry.


W.O. Bentley - Co-founder of Bentley Motors, known for luxury performance cars and engineering advancements that combined power with refinement.


Henry Royce - Co-founder of Rolls-Royce, known for luxury automobiles and engineering excellence, especially the development of the high-quality Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost.


Maurice Wilks - Key figure behind the development of the original Land Rover, focusing on building rugged and versatile vehicles for diverse uses.


Spencer Wilks - Served as Managing Director of Land Rover, contributing to its success and promoting the brand's adventurous image.


Russell Carr - Designer known for his work at Aston Martin, contributing to various sports and luxury car models.


Doug Hele - An influential figure in motorcycle design, known for engineering advancements at Triumph, and his contributions to motorcycle race performance.


Charles Spencer King - Noted for his design work at Rover, including the influential Rover SD1, known for its practicality and styling.


Lawrie Bond - Known for his work with sports cars including the Bond Bug, and his contributions to automotive design.


Thomas Pullinger - Feature of early automotive engineering and design, contributing to various small-volume vehicle manufacturers.


Edward Turner - Recognized for his motorcycle designs at Triumph, including the famous Speed Twin and the introduction of the unit construction engine.


Val Page - A significant figure in motorcycle engineering at BSA, known for designs that influenced the English motorcycle industry.


Jame Norton - A leading figure in motorcycle manufacturing, particularly known for Norton Motorcycles and its performance-oriented models.


Bert Hopwood - Notable for his work at Norton and as a designer behind several significant motorcycle models, focusing on racing performance and engineering.


Gerald Palmer - Influential English car designer known for his work on the MG TC and other vehicles, contributing to post-war English car innovation.


James Allison - Prominent in F1, known for his engineering leadership at Mercedes and contributions to championship-winning designs and strategies.


Cecil Kimber - Founder of the MG car company, Kimber was instrumental in developing the MG brand and its sports car ethos, emphasizing performance and design tailored for driving enthusiasts.


Peter Horbury - A noted automotive designer, known for his work with Volvo and Ford. He was influential in shaping the design language of modern Volvo cars, promoting safety and Scandinavian aesthetics.


Walter Belgrove - Known for his work in automotive engineering and design. He significantly contributed to the development of various English cars, particularly through his work with companies like Jensen Motors.


George Turnbull - A significant figure in the English automotive industry, notably as the managing director of the British Leyland Group and later involved with the development of key models at companies like MG and Triumph.


William Towns - An automotive designer known for his work on several notable English cars, most famously the Aston Martin Lagonda, which featured groundbreaking design elements and technology for its time.


George Palmer - An influential designer, known for his work with various English car manufacturers, particularly for his contributions to the design and engineering of vehicles during the 1960s and 70s.


John Frayling - Noted for his contributions to automotive design and engineering, he worked with companies like the British Motor Corporation (BMC) and later had an impact on vehicle development with Leyland.


Ken Howes - Known for his role in the English automotive industry and specifically for his contributions to vehicle design and engineering, helping guide production strategies at companies like Rover.


Dudley Hobbs - An automotive designer recognized for his work in the design and development of English cars, contributing to both stylistic and functional elements in vehicles.


Oliver Winterbottom - A designer and engineer noted for his work with Lotus, where he was involved in developing sports cars known for their performance and innovative engineering solutions.


Martin Smith - An influential designer known for his work with Ford and later with AstraZeneca. He made significant contributions to the design of various Ford vehicles, focusing on modern, user-friendly styling. The former Opel and Porsche designer, based in Cologne, Germany, is responsible for a team of 350 Ford artists in the UK and Europe, who have transformed the appearance of the marque’s cars over the past decade.

The Manmade Black 'Death' is the 'Life' of Laura

Some men may call her The Black Death...although she's only a woman. But for some it would be a metaphor. She traverses dark woods and lonely places, perhaps the shadows of man's misogynistic past. Maybe to him still a Witch, but I see no broom, spells or potions. Perhaps you've always been afraid to come under her spell, a mystique that you helped her create. And her long gown of black silk, an adornment of allure that you dressed her with, only to conveniently dismiss when it suits you. When really you hate to admit, you made it to conceal her heart of Gold. Which you hate to accept because you do not want your lives to be so perfect. So now she has become your lifetimes curse, one that you Invoked in the first place.


Which brings me to the liberation of Laura...Laura Knight, who was one of the leading painters of her generation, a figurative artist who embraced English impressionism. 

She worked in oils, watercolours, etching, engraving and drypoint. A painter in the figurative, realist tradition where her most popular paintings reflected the backstage world of performance – circus, ballet and theatre – capturing performers in fleeting, intimate moments. 

She became the first woman elected to full membership of the Royal Academy in 1936, the first in nearly two centuries since its foundation in 1768! And her large retrospective exhibition at the Royal Academy in 1965 was also the first for a woman. She was also selected as a War Artist, famously documenting the Nuremburg Trials in World War Two.

Her success in the male-dominated British art establishment paved the way for greater status and recognition for women artists.

So don't hate women...you played your part in the hate. You just need to understand that avoiding your own emotional potential and deflecting it by putting it on women, has made her a Queen...and you not equally rightful King, but an emotional pauper :((


Ballet Profusion! From Laura's backstage kind to taking center stage and embracing your freeer and vulnerable side. Adopt a swan pose, spread your wings, imagine your own swan lake, where you are the only one graceful and beautiful.


Which leads me to Gillian Lynne, a former ballerina, and Bafta and Olivier winning choreographer and director, of musicals and films. Known for her choreography of Andrew Lloyd Webber's musicals Cats (one of the longest running theatre productions across the world), Phantom Of The Opera and Aspects of Love, and loads more. On what makes a good dancer she stated:

"You have to understand the element of movement in the core of your being, but you could do that without being a fantastic dancer, I think. You have to understand that movement and thought are wedded together. You can't just go and dance without a thought in your head. You need to know why you are doing the movements, what they mean to you and what they may mean to others."

[Below is Gillian in rehearsals with John Cranko, a South African ballet choreographer for a show at Hammersmith, London].


English Chess Heritage


England has produced a lot of great players in its past and chess openings too. We host regular tournaments on the chess circuit, including Hastings, where many reigning world champions have played, and the London Chess Classic, an Invitational even that always features many of the strongest grandmasters and players. 

Below is just a few of the players England has produced. It's not a statistical resume, if you're not a chess fan it will mean little to you, if you are then you know about these guys already. They can be found at Chessgames, an anchor study site for players and well informed commenters. Even Grandmasters Englishman Nigel Short and Hungarian Susan Polgar have commented there.

John Nunn ~ A three-time chess problem solving world champion and author of best selling books on openings and endgames.

Thomas Wilson Barnes ~The Barnes Opening was named after him as was the Barnes Defence. He has the best ever record against American genius Paul Morphy (winning 8 and losing 19) in his visit to England in 1858.

Howard Staunton (find him on 'Did You Know ?'..it will make you explore my site a while ;)

Amos Burn ~Yorkshireman from Hull, a very strong player, won notable events, and Invented the 'Burn variation' of the French Defence.

Joseph Henry Blackburne ~Nicknamed 'The Black Death' because of his success with the black pieces, he was a winner of many notable tournaments. 

John Owen ~A Vicar! Owen's Defence is named after him. Another strong player. He won a game against the great Paul Murphy when he came here in 1858 when he toured Europe. In 1862 he came 3rd in a prestigious tournament in London, the world's first round-robin (players all played each other) match, ahead of future world champion Austrian born Jew, Wilhelm Steinitz, who came 6th. Notably Thomas Wilson Barnes came 7th, Jospeph Henry Blackburne 9th out of 14 players.

Henry Bird ~ Known for the famous Bird's Opening, still played today, he was 'recoginzed as an amateur of master strength'. He beat nearly all the best players of his era and wrote many notable chess books.

Anthony Miles - England's first Grandmaster, a true great. He inspired a generation of English talent to defeat Russian opponents and challenge the Soviet Union for world supremacy. In a team event Miles beat the world champion Russian Anatoly Karpov, thus giving England a credible draw:

"The game, along with England's 4-4 draw in the match, created a sensation and was a defining moment in England's acceptance as a top chess country."

Michael Adams, nicknamed "The Spider" due to his playing style. He won the British Championship in 1989 at the age of 17, and has since won a host of major events in his career. He has also won the Howard Staunton Memorial event, in honour of the English Great Howard Staunton. His most Important games was having a shot at the FIDE World Championship. His result placings were:

World Championship runner-up 1997
World Championship semi-finalist 1999
World Championship semi-finalist 2000
World Championship runner-up 2004

Nigel Short ~The worlds youngest International master at 14 and worlds youngest grandmaster at 19 years of age, has won many events, which eventually led him to a world championship match with  arguably the greatest chess player ever in Garry Kasparov. a match he lost 12½ to 7½. The score reflecting 1 win for Short, 13 draws and 6 wins for Kasparov. All 20 games here. Short has written chess columns and book reviews for a lot of the major tabloids. He was also awarded the MBE.

England vs America

From 1896 to 1911 the Anglo-American Cable Match was a highlight on the chess calendars of Great Britain and the United States, attracting some of the best players from both nations. Thirteen matches in all were played, and to say the results were even is an understatement: each side won 6 matches (with one match drawn) and each side scored exactly 64 points in the 13 matches. This was a competitive and hard-fought series all the way, with very few short draws or quick victories. When Great Britain accomplished this feat in 1909-1911, the series ended. 

[I call it England vs America as all are born in England, with the exception of Harry H. Holmes who was born in New Hampshire, America, but to English Immigrants, and George Alan Thomas who was born in Turkey. His mother was Edith Thomas was also a chess player, and who won the Ladies Hastings International Chess Tournament in 1895 in conjunction to the men's event that year. The first Hastings world chess tournament held there. She was the daughter of Morgan Hugh Foster. She was also Lady Thomas of the Manor of Marston in Bedfordshire in England. George was also Sir George, the 6th Baronet of Yapton, Sussex in England.]

"He is the only Englishman to have 3,000 statues in the two Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh."


The article titled below is from the publication "Pallikkutam: The Education Observer," published by the Rajagiri Media Trust (RMT), which provides valuable services for the education sector in India. While the article is no longer available, I am grateful to have saved it a long time ago. It offers an in-depth appraisal of a remarkable English army officer and humanist.

Sir Arthur Thomas Cotton: The Champion of Indian Farmers

On 15th May of every year, thousands of people of Andhra Pradesh in India gather around the statues of an English man in several places in Godavari districts, especially in Rajahmundry and Eluru cities.

The crowd consists of a large number of farmers from the twin districts of Godavari besides engineers, administrators, academics, politicians and common men. They offer pooja with manthra and abhishekam with milk on the statues which they adore.

The statues referred to here are those of Sir Arthur Thomas Cotton, a British engineer who came to India in 1821 with a mission to develop irrigation systems in the country. It is estimated that more than 3000 statues of this great man exist in the East and West Godavari and Krishna districts of Andhra Pradesh. I have seen during my extensive travel in Andhra Pradesh common man speaking high of this English man. Even the illiterate man in the village who called him Dorai will say Cotton gave them food. His photographs adorn the walls of houses of common farmers in the East and West Godavari districts.

Cotton started his career in India in the Thanjavur district of erstwhile Madras Presidency as an irrigation engineer. He transformed Thanjavur district into the rice bowl of Madras by constructing dams across the Cauvery.

Sir Arthur Cotton was born on 15th of May in 1803 in England, as the tenth son of Henry Calvely Cotton. At the age of 15 in 1818 Cotton joined as a cadet in military at Addiscombe in Britain. When he was sixteen, his first assignment was survey for ordinance in Wales in England. He was later appointed at Royal Engineers without any examination as second lieutenant in the year 1819.

He moved in to Madras in India in 1821 and was attached to the office of the Chief Engineer of Madras Presidency. His talents for constructing irrigation structures were soon recognized by the British government and he was entrusted with the task of constructing a dam across Cauvery river in the then Madras Presidency. Cotton was promoted to the rank of Captain in the year 1828 and was entrusted with the work of investigation of irrigation scheme. The success of Cauvery scheme paved the way for greater projects in Krishna and Godavari to be undertaken by Cotton.

His master piece work that will be remembered by Telugu speaking people of India perhaps is the construction of Dowleshwaram barrage across the Godavari in Andhra Pradesh. In the year 1844 Cotton recommended construction of a barrage; an anicut (small dam) with a net work of canals field channels embankments and roads in the Godavari delta. Godavari is the most revered and long river after the Ganga in India.

Dowleshwaram is a village within the vicinity of Rajamundry city, where the small dam was to be constructed. Here the Godavari is around 4km wide. Before the Dowleshwaram barrage was commissioned the people of Godavari district had a different story to tell.

When the rains in the Western Ghats become heavy, the Godavari is in spate and all the nearby lands are inundated. During summer, the Godavari appears dry and nearby areas are gripped by drought. In 1800 the agricultural lands of Godavari were inundated by heavy floods. Subsequently people suffered from lack of food and drinking water due to droughts in 1833. People started moving en masse to other districts deserting their lands before the anicut was constructed. At the time of construction of Dowleshwaram barrage Godavari was a single district. In 1925 Godavari was divided into East Godavari and West Godavari districts. Thanks to the efforts of Sir Arthur Cotton, East Godavari is now the most populated and prosperous agricultural district of Andhra Pradesh. Curiously, much of the rice needed for Kerala comes from this district.

Young Cotton wanted water to reach the farm lands all over the district of the Godavari through a network of canals and channels for the farmers. He submitted a detailed proposal for constructing a barrage across the Godavari. Despite some reservations the British government granted sanction to construct the barrage in Dowleshwaram. The construction work started in 1847. In the year 1848 Cotton had to leave for Australia due to ill health. It caused him great concern about his dream project.

In 1850 he returned to India and was soon promoted as Colonel. The work started in full swing. Colonel Cotton spent hours in supervising the work and spent sleepless nights visualizing what should the project be like. A work force of 1500 people was employed for the mega project for round the clock activity. Innovative simple techniques were employed for excavation of earth and lifting of materials. Arthur Cotton was particular that only local materials should be used for the work. The work was completed in 1852. The barrage has a length of 3.5 km at a height of 4 meters. The anticipated area of irrigation was initially 80,000 acres which was raised to 16 lakh acres. The sad demise of his daughter due to snake bite while the barrage was under construction did not deter Cotton from his commitment to the farmers of Andhra. Cotton predicted a life of 100 years for the barrage; but, even after 160 years, the structure remains safe today.

During his journey on horseback he would stop to enquire about the welfare of a farmer and he often felt sorry for the pitiable condition of the farmer. Cotton had a vision to bring prosperity to the villages of Godavari by providing water. His mission was to make farmers happy and ensure they will not desert their lands.

After the completion of Dowleshwaram barrage, Cotton shifted his attention to Aqua duct in the Krishna River. He later envisaged storage of Krishna and Godavari water. He also had a vision to connect the major rivers of India. His contributions to developing irrigation system have no parallel in India and he is still remembered by the common man. It is the most significant award a country can give to a foreigner who worked with devotion, humility and commitment.

Sir Arthur Cotton retired from service in 1860 and was knighted in 1861. He was honoured with KCSI (Knight Commander of Supreme India) in 1877. Independent India remembers Sir Arthur Cotton for the outstanding contributions he made to the uplift of ordinary farmers of India. Sir Arthur Cotton passed away on 24th July, 1899, aged 96.

A museum and an institute established in 1899 in his honour in Rajahmundry are a befitting monument which deserves to be further uplifted as a Centre for Irrigation development and Research in India. In Hyderabad city the only statue of a foreigner seen along the tank bund is that of Arthur Cotton.

After hectic efforts, the Andhra Pradesh Hindi Academy and the Telugu Association could locate his tomb in Dorking 50 km from London. The inscription on the tomb reads, “Irrigation Cotton”.


You can also find him here: "He is the only Englishman to have 3,000 statues in the two Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh." This highlights the appreciation for his devoted and tireless work, as noted on the website TheHansIndia.com." Statue in Chinaramachandrapuram, West Godavari.

The First King of England

By AD 410, the Romans had left Britain. Around AD 430, a host of Germanic migrants arrived in east and southeast England. The settlers were North Germanic peoples such as the Saxons, Angles, Frisians, and Jutes, who had migrated from what are now present-day Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands.

To the west and north, various Brythonic kingdoms existed, consisting of Cornishmen, Welshmen, Picts, and Scots. The native Celtic Britons originally hired the Anglo-Saxons as mercenaries to defend their lands against invasions from the Picts and Scots of modern-day Scotland and Ireland, but eventually, the Anglo-Saxons turned against the Britons.

Numerous wars followed, and the lands of the Celtic Britons were divided into Saxon kingdoms. Most of these kingdoms survive to this day as English counties: Kent (Jutes), Sussex (South Saxons), *Wessex (West Saxons), Middlesex (Middle Saxons), East Anglia (Angles), and so on.

*The reference to "most" is in contrast to "all." Today, the territory that was once Wessex is part of several modern counties, including Hampshire, Dorset, Berkshire, and parts of Wiltshire and Somerset. The name "Wessex" is still used informally, often in cultural or historical contexts. It is also the title of a regional tourism brand that promotes the historical and scenic attractions in the area that was once Wessex. However, it is not an official administrative county in contemporary England.

The inhabitants mostly lived in relative harmony—converting to Christianity during this time—until the first Viking raids began with the attack on Lindisfarne in 793. By AD 793, a new prayer echoed across England: "Save us, Lord, from the fury of the Northmen!" The Northmen, or Vikings, came from Scandinavia, just as the Saxons had done hundreds of years before them.

The first Viking raids targeted unarmed monasteries, shocking the English with their viciousness. The knee-jerk reaction was to pay the Vikings to go away. Of course, that wasn’t very sustainable, as the Vikings continued to come in greater numbers, lured by the promise of silver.

It was only during the reign of Alfred the Great, the Saxon King of Wessex at the end of the 9th century, that the English began changing their tactics. Alfred implemented fortified burhs and local mercenary armies known as fyrds to meet the Viking threat. He established himself as King Overlord, adding southeast Mercia, London, and the Thames Valley to his territories while organizing Anglo-Saxon resistance against the Vikings.

King Athelstan, the grandson of Alfred the Great, is often credited with unifying England. He conquered the Viking kingdom of Northumbria, including York, in 927. Athelstan's victory at the Battle of Eamont Bridge in 937, against an alliance of Picts, Scots, and Vikings led by the Norse King Olaf Guthfrithson, marked a significant turning point in his campaign against the Vikings.

This victory led to the great Battle of Brunanburh in 937, which decisively defeated Olaf and his allies, including King Constantine II of Scotland. The Battle of Brunanburh defined the territories we now recognize as England, Scotland, and Wales—hence its title, "The battle that defined Britain."

Athelstan was King of the Anglo-Saxons from 924 to 927 and King of the English from 927 until his death in 939. Modern historians regard him as the first King of England and one of the "greatest Anglo-Saxon kings."



My fun pictorial of the millenniums of England's rich history We have a Roman, Ancient Briton, a Saxon, and, far left...a.Spartan ) Or we could try and qualify her as a Viking or Norman...you never know ;) - Click to make bigger.

Stand and Deliver! - Your Sexuality...Male Sexuality!

"Anyone over 30 belongs to me - bisexual, male, female, gay, whatever."


A quote from the 80s pop music icon Adam Ant from his interview with the Guardian tabloid in 2002.

The topic in this section is about male bisexuality, or the preference not to even have to claim it, but just accept it for yourself only. No labels are necessary! 

It covers quotes from celebrities, and even from a forum I was a member of years ago, from regulars, when male sexual experiences with males wasn't something you'd admit back then.

👍American writer Gore Vidal stated:

"Actually, there is no such thing as a homosexual person, any more than there is such a thing as a heterosexual person. The words are adjectives describing sexual acts, not people. The sexual acts are entirely normal; if they were not, no one would perform them."

👍Here's a fun quote from the war time-modern day comedy Goodnight Sweetheart when Yvonne, the wife of the main character Gary, suspected her husband of Infidelity with another man, said:

"It is a well known fact 20% of married men are bisexual." (Episode 2, Season 2, 1995).

👍Even in the animal world there is plenty of it going on.

Giraffes:

Gay sex accounts for 94% of all observed sexual activity in giraffes. Male giraffes have a unique way of flirting (and to occasionally show dominance) that is seen nowhere else on Earth. It is ‘necking’. Two males stand side by side, and gently rub their necks on each other’s body, head, neck, loins and thighs. In some sessions this goes on for as long as hour. This leads to arousal. Sometimes they mount each other to finish each other off. But this isn’t what a couple of guy giraffes do when the girls aren’t around. With both male and female giraffes present, males like to start necking with other males and often disregard any females present.

Sea Lions:

More than 80% of New Zealand Sea Lion males exclusively mate with other males. This normally results as a component of play-fighting, in which two males stand chest to chest and push against each other. Once one has achieved ‘superiority’, they will mount the weaker one. This is often why younger sea lions are more likely to mount the older males.

Killer Whales:

While it seems like most animal mating seems to be as a result of some mounting, almost 90% of gay behaviour in killer whiles is reciprocated. One third to more than one half of all male killer whales engage in gay sex, especially prevalent among the adolescents. Some male partners have a favorite with whom they interact with year after year.

👍Here are some other male celebrities open to their sexuality:

Jason Mraz

The world knows Mraz for his love songs, but he wants the world to know his love is bisexual.

"I’ve had experiences with men, even while I was dating the woman who became my wife. It was like, ‘Wow, does that mean I am gay?’” the singer-songwriter told Billboard this year, at age 41. "And my wife laid it out for me. She calls it ‘two spirit,’ which is what the Native Americans call someone who can love both man and woman. I really like that.”

Two spirit is a term that Native Americans consider their own, meaning one who embodies both masculine and feminine identities, and some objected to Mraz using it. He later apologized for doing so and thanked commenters for the clarification. But Mraz continues to identify as bi and penned an open letter to the LGBTQ community that read:

We still have a long way to go

But know

I am bi your side.

All ways.

Billie Joe Armstrong

The rocker is known best for being the front man of Green Day, but he's also been outspoken about his bisexuality.

In 1995, he told The Advocate, "I think I've always been bisexual. I mean, it's something that I've always been interested in. I think people are born bisexual, and it's just that our parents and society kind of veer us off into this feeling of 'Oh, I can't.' They say it's taboo. It's ingrained in our heads that it's bad, when it's not bad at all. It's a very beautiful thing."

Ezra Miller

The 25-year-old actor is one of the most prominent bisexual faces in young Hollywood. 

"The way I would choose to identify myself wouldn't be gay. I've been attracted mostly to 'shes' but I've been with many people and I'm open to love wherever it can be," Miller told The Daily Beast in 2012 when promoting The Perks of Being a Wallflower, in which he played a teen bullied for being gay. "I think a lot of people are projecting their own troubles and fears concerning sexuality onto those around them, and it does result in the perpetuation of a lot of hateful notions."

Shane Dawson

In 2015, YouTuber Shane Dawson announced his bisexuality to his 6.7 million subscribers. Now he has nearly 17 million. Dawson has been open about how difficult it is to be in the bi community. “This last year is when it really hit me,” he said in his coming-out video. “I always wished that I was gay, that I was 100 percent gay.”

A quote from his twitter account: thank u guys for the support. i know "bisexual" is something that gets made fun of & its scary to talk about it but just know u arent alone.

Alan Cumming

You may know Cumming as Eli Gold on The Good Wife or the actor playing TV's first gay leading character on Instinct, but he's also one of bisexuality's biggest advocates. Romantically, he had an eight-year marriage to actress Hilary Lyon and a two-year relationship with actress Saffron Burrows. Now he's married to graphic artist Grant Shaffer.

"I see a worrying trend among LGBT people, that if you identify yourself in just one way, you close yourself off to other experiences. My sexuality has never been black and white; it’s always been gray. I’m with a man, but I haven’t closed myself off to the fact that I’m still sexually attracted to women," he told The Advocate in 2015.

Harry Styles

Harry Styles has been with both men and women, at least if every lyric in his songs is to be believed. In a new tune he debuted at his AccorHotels Arena Paris show Tuesday, the former One Directioner broached the idea of a duality in his love life. The singer performed a new track, "Medicine," which has a line that says, “The boys and the girls are in, I’ll mess around with them, and I’m okay with it.”

The Sun points out the lyric comes less than one year after Styles told the outlet he wouldn’t label his sexuality. “No, I’ve never felt the need to really," he said. "No, I don’t feel like it’s something I’ve ever felt like I have to explain about myself. It’s weird for me—everyone should just be who they want to be. It’s tough to justify somebody having to answer to someone else about stuff like that.”

Styles has been quietly dating model Camille Rowe at the time.

Morrisey (The Smiths)

Repeatedly, interviewers asked Morrissey if he was gay, which he denied. In response to one such inquiry in 1985, he stated that:

"I don't recognise such terms as heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality, and I think it's important that there's someone in pop music who's like that. These words do great damage, they confuse people and they make people feel unhappy so I want to do away with them."

As his career developed, there was increased pressure placed on him to come out of the closet, although he presented himself as a non-practicing bisexual In a 1989 interview, he revealed that he was "always attracted to men and women who were never attracted to me" and thus he did not have "relationships at all".

In 2013, he released a statement which said, "Unfortunately, I am not homosexual. In technical fact, I am humasexual. I am attracted to humans. But, of course ... not many."

Terry Hall, (The Specials and Fun Boy Three) who recently passed away, related his own experiences, albeit in a traumatic way:

"At 12 I got abducted by a paedophile ring in France and that was a real eye-opener," he said.

Herring asked: "But how do you even begin to overcome something like that?"

Hall replied: "Valium. And then I fancied David Essex which was a bit wonky, but it was like, so I kind of connected the two.

"But then I've started discovering girls and you just forget about it, it's too short."

Radio and tv Broadcaster Zoe Ball's son Woody and ex England football icon Paul Gascoigne's son Regan are also bi. They came out this year.

Then there's the interview with Harry Needs.

The former swimmer Harry Needs wants people to know that being bisexual isn't "a gateway to becoming gay" or about "being greedy".

The 28-year-old was married to two-time Olympic champion Rebecca Adlington. They split in 2016, but remain friends and continue to co-parent their five-year-old daughter, Summer.

Harry speaks about growing up knowing he was attracted to both sexes, his marriage to Becky, and having his first same-sex relationship.


👍Below is the groundbreaking Albert Kinsey Scale that he devised about peoples sexuality.

0 Exclusively heterosexual
1 Predominantly heterosexual
2 Mainly heterosexual but sometimes homosexual 
3 Bisexual
4 Mainly homosexual but sometimes heterosexual
5 Predominantly homosexual
6 Exclusively homosexual

For me personally I would say most men are 1 or 2. And even then at any time a person can go up the scale to 6 and even OFF the scale because of passion of the moment, and then back down again to your default number. This feeling of sexual fluidity is unchangeable, even like the animal world where it is perfectly normal. 

👍People are more accepting of the fluidness of their sexuality today, especially female celebrities who seem to use it as a social statement, a kind of womens liberation from the male controlled world in which we live. Although if they think they can also titillate men in music videos and lyrics with scenes of bi-flirtation just because the so called male "heterosexual" Industry encourages it, then they are not freeing themselves from men at all. They are pandering to them. And in fact, it's also one reason for straight males behaviour, because they are not as emotionally as mature as women because of societies emotional constraints their culture has placed on them. So they use women to fill that vaccum. But these men do not care about women anyway. Women are there as a money making product. 

The other side of it, is why a "straight" man needs to encourage it in females when he himself claims to be heterosexual? It's laughable. These men, and women, in positions of influence should be more responsible. The women also lose self respect from the majority of the decent men who don't live in their world. But bi leaning men do not need to make statements about their sexuality, although it is because we live in a straight male dominated world that doesn't reward bisexuality in males as it does in females. And one thing I've felt with my own sexuality is I do not need the false bravado over women because I am comfortable in my own skin. Which again makes so called "straight" men even more laughable and suspicious to me.

👍The Kinsey Studies gave some very revealing facts about male sexuality in this link. Also other surveys on the genders sexuality are listed up to 2011:

👍Some comments I have found on websites of men's own experiences of bisexuality, including one female observation:

👉Sansacro
In my experience, for what it’s worth, most men who are actually bisexual publicly identify as straight, because they can and there’s more cultural power as a self-identified straight man. But it seems younger, socially privileged guys are more comfortable exploring their sexual fluidity. Although there remains power in being a straight man in this world.

👉James
I like sex with women and men but I don’t find it helpful to think of myself as fitting into any of the existing labels or categories because they all feel constrictive. I might feel more ‘gay’ one day but more ‘straight’ on another. I think without labels people might just be attracted to other people and sex could just be sex. Bisexualit­y is far more common that people would realize. Most bisexuals rarely fully understand their own sexuality and usually dismiss feelings they don't recognize. 

👉Ian Faus
I find it odd how female bisexualit­y is taken as "natural" but male bisexualit­y is taken with such skepticism ? Females are less prone to sexual stereotypi­ng and social sexual programing about sex. For this they are fortunate. Modern culture dumps hetrosexua­lity like a flood on society, thus male bisexualit­y will always be something "fringe" because of this. Perhaps in a few more decades, when people move past sexuality to define each other, more bisexuals will understand themselves better. 

👉AndyPhx
Humans are sexual beings. No one can argue with that. I know from personal experience that many straight men will have an attraction to a few men in their lifetime. Doesn't make them gay. It's just human nature. Someone made the comment that a little or a lot a beer uncomplica­tes this for many men which is also true. Very true. The men who protest the most are the one's who know this is absolutely true.

👉Bejayech
I would agree that all have some degree of attraction­. The difference between a heterosexu­al man and a homosexual man isn't purely attraction­, rather its which gender he chooses to pursue. 

👉grant06
I am always amused when I read about people being lumped into catagories­. When it comes to humans. there are no absolutes. The whole species is a behavioral bell curve that varies over time and individual experience­. Some folks are born very gay, some very hetero, and a whole bunch are in-between­. To make it more fun, for any specific individual their attraction­s may change dramatical­ly as they age. Where as a fifteen year old male may be attracted to a thirteen year old female, that same male when sixty, may be more attracted to women much closer to his age group or even another of the same sex.

👉Ceasar Ol
Please, they were just being sensitive to the church and religious freaks...b­aby steps, they have to slowly introduce to them new concepts..­.they are having a hard time swallowing the gay concept, imagine when they find out there are a lot more bisexual men than gay men. Let alone that they have been around from day one and that about 25% of men claim to have bisexual tendencies but many are too afraid to act on it. Or maybe the church is just in denial because if anyone has seen porn they have seen girls getting it on. But that is of course not "gay", it's the good gay. Or like Tedd Haggard said..."no no I'm not gay...I just have homosexual attachment­s". One fact for sure, all bisexual men live heterosexu­al lives and the bisexual side is very in the closet as they are afraid to be categorize­d as gay, which is the reason why most bi men don't talk about it to avoid the stigma.

👉Raymond McCue
Bisexual guy here living a "bisexual" life, here. There are definitely a lot of queer men on the down low. Also, it's been my experience that gay men have a very hard time accepting bisexualit­y. To my estimation­, bisexualit­y undermines the "it's not a choice argument" and my own personal experience undermines the "there's no way back, once you're gay, you're gay" idea. These tenants are important to the gay community, so I believe they try to force bisexual men into the fold because the alternativ­e, acceptance­, is uncomforta­ble. 

👉Charlotte Bonnie
Well, for me the definition of a bisexual is someone who is capable of being attracted to both sexes and have relations with both sexes. If a gay guy fell in love with a woman later in life then he was bisexual to begin with, not gay. I know many bisexuals don't admit they are bisexuals because in the lesbian & gay community they are looked with suspicion so they hide their true sexuality in their their gay and lesbian social circle. 

👉WoodyCPM
What has confused the issue of genuine bisexualit­y is the personal and societal effects of homophobia­. People are raised to be straight because that is the cultural norm and the cultural expectatio­n. Out gay men are particular­ly suspicious of claims to "I'm straight" or "I'm bisexual" for this reason, because they themselves have believed and said the same thing. The closet confuses and complicate­s so many issues of sexuality. 

There is also the quite justifiabl­e resentment that gay men feel toward bisexual men because they have tended in the long hard struggle for equal sexual rights to not put their mojo on the line like gay men have. It's easier for them to disappear into the world of heterosexu­ality and pretend that they don't have a dog in that fight. IN THE PAST, they have tended to not show up for the work of winning freedoms and rights for homosexual­s.

👉NoSillyNamae
Same with bi women. I've known lesbians who say they "hate" bi women. They don't trust them and feel that they, too, like to "pass", as bi men can.

👉Matthew Robertson
Actually Bonobo monkeys are highly bisexual. Almost the entire species is. The females rub their clitorises together and the males rub the penises together. 

👉Itsasmallworld
I have always believed that if society was as accepting of men being bisexual as they are of women a lot more guys out there would admit to it. I see things changing..­.I have a feeling that in the next 5-10 years male bisexualit­y will be just as mainstream as female bisexualit­y. I have to say myself and many female friends of mine find men to be very sexy and imagining them together such as many men fantasize about women ...hot.

👉An anonymous person wrote: 

We share over 90% of DNA with some primates none of which are monogamous and all have polyamerous relationships. Why is it a surprise that some humans do not have the same instincts? other mans reply: not instincts but weaknesses.

👍Straight men who have sex with other men (SMSM) 

A population of males who avoid involvement with the LGBT community, who are often married or romantically involved with an opposite-sex partner, who engage in sex with males or express the desire to do so, and, most relevant to this posting, do not identify as gay or bisexual. Other men, in contrast, identify as bisexual even if they do not engage in same-sex sexual activity. Until recently studies typically included just one dimension of sexual orientation - attraction, behavior, and self-identification - but it is increasingly clear that sexual behavior does not necessarily correlate with sexual identity and attraction. McCabe and colleagues have repeatedly called for studies to include all dimensions of sexuality.

👍Bisexuality is defined as “the capacity for emotional, romantic, and/or physical attraction to more than one sex or gender. That capacity for attraction may or may not manifest itself in terms of sexual interaction.” The National Gay and Lesbian Task Force reminds health-care providers that “A bisexual orientation speaks to the potential, but not the requirement, for involvement with more than one gender. This involvement may be sexual, emotional, in reality and/or in fantasy. Some bisexuals may be monogamous, some may have concurrent partners, others may relate to different sexes/genders at various periods of time and others still maybe celibate.” In the word of Robyn Ochs, a candid bi-activist, “I have the potential to be attracted – romantically and/or sexually – to people of more than one sex and/or gender, not necessarily at the same time, not necessarily in the same way, and not necessarily to the same degree”.

👍Traditionally, sexual orientation has been viewed as a dichotomy, with the options being either heterosexuality or homosexuality. Those who did not fit into these two groups were ignored, elided, and rarely taken into consideration. During the middle of the 20th century Alfred Kinsey and his colleagues enlightened the fields of psychology and sexology when they proposed that sexuality occurs along a continuum and that the orientation of an inestimable number of people sits somewhere between the two poles. During the 1970s, Fritz Klein elaborated on Kinsey’s work and developed his eponymous Klein Grid, a method for describing a person’s sexual orientation in a much more detailed and nuanced manner. The Klein Grid investigates sexual orientation in the past, the present, and in the idealized future (i.e., a prediction as to what one thinks he or she will like in the future) with respect to each of seven factors consisting of sexual attraction, sexual behavior, sexual fantasies, emotional preference, social preference, heterosexual/homosexual lifestyle, and self-identification.